Table 2 Association of adolescent alcohol and cannabis use with subsequent educational attainment, odds ratios (ORs) compared with secondary school degree

Block 1

Block 1

Female sex

0.53

(0.37–0.74)

< 0.001

2.08

(1.84–2.35)

< 0.001

Female sex

0.48

(0.34–0.69)

< 0.001

2.04

(1.81–2.31)

< 0.001

Behavioural/emotional problems at age 7/8 (Rutter ≥ 9)

2.21

(1.59–3.06)

< 0.001

0.49

(0.40–0.59)

< 0.001

Behavioural/emotional problems at age 7/8 (Rutter ≥ 9)

2.14

(1.53–2.99)

< 0.001

0.47

(0.38–0.58)

< 0.001

Any psychiatric diagnosis by 2018

2.98

(1.78–4.98)

< 0.001

0.52

(0.35–0.77)

0.001

Any psychiatric diagnosis by 2018

3.08

(1.83–5.19)

< 0.001

0.47

(0.32–0.69)

< 0.001

Lifetime cannabis or other illicit substance use

1.20

(0.79–1.81)

0.398

0.68

(0.56–0.82)

< 0.001

Frequency of alcohol intoxication past 30 days (ref. none)

1–2 times

1.21

(0.86–1.70)

0.271

0.79

(0.69–0.91)

0.001

3 times

1.94

(1.28–2.94)

0.002

0.41

(0.32–0.51)

< 0.001

Block 2

Block 2

Non-intact family type

1.17

(0.75–1.83)

0.494

0.73

(0.60–0.88)

0.001

Non-intact family type

1.13

(0.72–1.77)

0.590

0.75

(0.62–0.92)

0.005

Maternal education ≥ 12 years

1.09

(0.70–1.71)

0.693

2.23

(1.90–2.61)

< 0.001

Maternal education ≥ 12 years

1.15

(0.74–1.81)

0.530

2.17

(1.85–2.54)

< 0.001

Paternal education ≥ 12 years

0.84

(0.44–1.60)

0.593

2.16

(1.76–2.64)

< 0.001

Paternal education ≥ 12 years

0.86

(0.45–1.64)

0.645

2.17

(1.76–2.66)

< 0.001

Parental psychiatric disorder

1.47

(1.02–2.12)

0.041

0.90

(0.78–1.04)

0.167

Parental psychiatric disorder

1.41

(0.97–2.05)

0.073

0.88

(0.75–1.02)

0.085

Block 3a

Block 3

Age at first drink (ref. never)

Lifetime cannabis use (ref. never)

> 14 years

1.04

(0.46–2.33)

0.934

1.11

(0.84–1.47)

0.451

1–4 times

0.49

(0.17–1.41)

0.183

1.03

(0.71–1.50)

0.871

≤ 14 years

1.23

(0.75–2.01)

0.422

0.92

(0.78–1.09)

0.342

≥ 5 times

2.22

(0.61–8.09)

0.229

0.88

(0.36–2.17)

0.780

Block 3b

Age at first intoxication (ref. never)

> 14 years

1.07

(0.60–1.92)

0.821

0.85

(0.69–1.04)

0.116

≤ 14 years

1.38

(0.88–2.14)

0.158

0.70

(0.60–0.82)

< 0.001

Block 3c

Frequency of alcohol intoxication past 30 days (ref. none)

1–2 times

1.30

(0.86–1.98)

0.209

0.78

(0.67–0.92)

0.002

≥ 3 times

2.00

(1.15–3.48)

0.014

0.42

(0.32–0.56)

< 0.001

Block 3d

Alcohol tolerance (ref. no use/intoxications)

< 9 (males) / <7 (females)

1.19

(0.76–1.87)

0.450

0.85

(0.73–0.99)

0.038

≥ 9 (males) / ≥7 (females)

2.10

(1.21–3.65)

0.009

0.40

(0.30–0.52)

< 0.001