Table 2 Unadjusted regression evaluating the association between infant care practices and not following guidelines (column %)
Variables | Sleeping position | Sleeping arrangements | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | OR | 95% CI | Yes | No | OR | 95% CI | |
Demographic factors | ||||||||
Maternal age | ||||||||
Equal or more than 30 | 268(40%) | 110(38%) | Ref | 263(37%) | 109(44%) | Ref | ||
Less than 30 | 400(60%) | 183(62%) | 1.11 | 0.84–1.48 | 442(63%) | 136(56%) | 0.74 | 0.55–1.00 |
Education | ||||||||
No secondary school qualification/Secondary School | 73(11%) | 26(9%) | Ref | 370(53%) | 149(61%) | 1.41 | 0.85–2.35 | |
Diploma/Trade Cert (NCEA 5–6) | 235(35%) | 97(33%) | 1.16 | 0.7–1.92 | 256(36%) | 72(30%) | 0.98 | 0.57–1.69 |
Bachelor’s or Higher degree | 358(54%) | 168(58%) | 1.32 | 0.81–2.14 | 77(11%) | 22(9%) | Ref | |
Deprivation | ||||||||
Low/Medium (ref) | 136(20%) | 55(19%) | Ref | 143(20%) | 45(6%) | Ref | ||
High | 532(80%) | 238(81%) | 1.11 | 0.78–1.57 | 562(80%) | 200(28%) | 1.13 | 0.78–1.64 |
Maternal mental health and lifestyle | ||||||||
Maternal smoking in pregnancy | ||||||||
Not Smoking | 557(84%) | 243(83%) | Ref | 576(82%) | 215(88%) | Ref | ||
Smoking | 110(16%) | 49(17%) | 1.02 | 0.71–1.48 | 129(18%) | 28(12%) | 0.58 | 0.38–0.90 |
Smoking in same room during pregnancy | ||||||||
Not smoking | 583(87%) | 254(87%) | Ref | 609(86%) | 219(89%) | Ref | ||
Smoking | 84(13%) | 38(13%) | 1.04 | 0.69–1.57 | 96(14%) | 24(10%) | 0.7 | 0.43–1.12 |
Maternal smoking at 9 months | ||||||||
Not smoking | 454(77%) | 193(76%) | Ref | 472(75%) | 168(69%) | Ref | ||
Smoking | 139(23%) | 61(24%) | 1.03 | 0.73–1.46 | 155(25%) | 44(18%) | 0.8 | 0.55–1.16 |
Maternal smoking before pregnancy | ||||||||
Not Smoking | 431(65%) | 200(68%) | Ref | 453(64%) | 174(71%) | Ref | ||
Smoking | 236(35%) | 92(32%) | 0.84 | 0.63–1.13 | 252(36%) | 69(28%) | 0.71 | 0.52–0.98 |
Alcohol consumption before pregnancy any vs none | ||||||||
No | 281(42%) | 137(47%) | Ref | 287(41%) | 128(52%) | Ref | ||
Yes | 387(58%) | 156(53%) | 0.83 | 0.63–1.09 | 418(59%) | 117(48%) | 0.63 | 0.47–0.84 |
Alcohol consumption before pregnancy per week | ||||||||
Did not drink (ref) | 281(42%) | 137(47%) | Ref | 287(41%) | 128(52%) | Ref | ||
Less than one drink | 111(17%) | 33(11%) | 0.61 | 0.39–0.95 | 112(16%) | 31(13%) | 0.62 | 0.40–0.97 |
1–3 drinks | 108(16%) | 48(16%) | 0.91 | 0.61–1.36 | 119(17%) | 34(14%) | 0.64 | 0.41–0.99 |
4+ drinks | 168(25%) | 75(26%) | 0.92 | 0.65–1.29 | 187(27%) | 52(21%) | 0.62 | 0.43–0.9 |
Alcohol consumption 9 m any vs none | ||||||||
No | 361(61%) | 158(62%) | Ref | 363(58%) | 151(62%) | Ref | ||
Yes | 232(39%) | 96(38%) | 0.95 | 0.7–1.28 | 264(42%) | 61(25%) | 0.56 | 0.40–0.78 |
Alcohol consumption 9 m | ||||||||
Did not drink (ref) | 361(61%) | 158(62%) | Ref | 363(58%) | 151(71%) | Ref | ||
Less than one drink | 128(22%) | 47(19%) | 0.84 | 0.57–1.23 | 136(22%) | 37(17%) | 0.65 | 0.43–0.99 |
1–3 drinks | 57(10%) | 26(10%) | 1.04 | 0.63–1.72 | 71(11%) | 12(6%) | 0.41 | 0.21–0.77 |
4+ drinks | 47(8%) | 23(9%) | 1.12 | 0.66–1.90 | 57(9%) | 12(6%) | 0.51 | 0.26–0.97 |
Maternal Depression | ||||||||
Not depressed | 474(71%) | 214(73%) | Ref | 498(71%) | 185(76%) | Ref | ||
Depressed | 194(29%) | 79(27%) | 0.9 | 0.66–1.23 | 207(29%) | 60(24%) | 0.78 | 0.56–1.09 |
Community and cultural context | ||||||||
Cultural Connectedness | ||||||||
Very | 456(68%) | 217(74%) | Ref | 489(69%) | 178(73%) | Ref | ||
Moderately | 147(22%) | 45(15%) | 0.64 | 0.44–0.93 | 142(20%) | 46(19%) | 0.89 | 0.61–1.29 |
Poorly | 65(10%) | 30(10%) | 0.97 | 0.61–1.54 | 74(10%) | 20(8%) | 0.74 | 0.44–1.25 |
Family support | ||||||||
Very supported | 582(88%) | 254(88%) | Ref | 520(75%) | 165(67%) | Ref | ||
Poorly supported | 79(12%) | 35(12%) | 1.02 | 0.66–1.55 | 177(25%) | 77(31%) | 1.57 | 1.00–1.89 |
Language | ||||||||
English | 436(65%) | 163(56%) | Ref | 477(68%) | 113(46%) | Ref | ||
Not English | 232(35%) | 130(44%) | 1.5 | 1.13–1.98 | 228(32%) | 132(54%) | 2.44 | 1.82–3.29 |
Health care access | ||||||||
Immunisation intentions | ||||||||
Yes | 625(94%) | 275(94%) | Ref | 660(94%) | 230(94%) | Ref | ||
No | 43(6%) | 17(6%) | 0.9 | 0.50–1.60 | 44(6%) | 15(6%) | 0.98 | 0.53–1.79 |
Family doctor/GP before pregnancy | ||||||||
Yes | 622(93%) | 277(95%) | Ref | 669(95%) | 219(89%) | Ref | ||
No | 46(7%) | 16(5%) | 0.78 | 0.43–1.4 | 36(5%) | 26(11%) | 2.21 | 1.3–3.74 |
Seen family doctor/GP since pregnant | ||||||||
Yes | 588(88%) | 254(87%) | Ref | 616(87%) | 216(88%) | Ref | ||
No | 80(12%) | 39(13%) | 1.13 | 0.75–1.7 | 89(13%) | 29(12%) | 0.92 | 0.59–1.45 |
Baby’s family doctor/GP | ||||||||
Yes | 555(83%) | 236(82%) | Ref | 580(83%) | 203(84%) | 0.96 | 0.65–1.42 | |
No | 110(17%) | 52(18%) | 1.11 | 0.77–1.6 | 119(17%) | 40(16%) | ||
Baby’s family doctor/GP - same as mothers’ pre-pregnancy | ||||||||
Yes | 501(90%) | 20(56%) | Ref | 532(92%) | 181(89%) | Ref | ||
No | 54(10%) | 16(44%) | 0.67 | 0.38–1.21 | 48(8%) | 22(11%) | 1.35 | 0.79–2.39 |
Choice of LMC | ||||||||
Yes | 573(81%) | 140(81%) | 0.84 | 0.58–1.21 | 532(80%) | 193(83%) | 0.84 | 0.57–1.24 |
No | 138(19%) | 33(19%) | 131(20%) | 40(17%) | ||||
Length of time to find LMC | ||||||||
Less than 1 week | 321(51%) | 130(48%) | Ref | 343(54%) | 104(50%) | Ref | ||
1 to 6 weeks | 225(36%) | 109(40%) | 1.2 | 0.88–1.62 | 244(38%) | 85(40%) | 1.15 | 0.83–1.60 |
7 to 13 weeks | 46(7%) | 17(6%) | 0.9 | 0.50–1.65 | 37(6%) | 11(5%) | 1.00 | 0.48–1.99 |
13 weeks or more | 34(5%) | 15(6%) | 1.09 | 0.57–2.07 | 10(2%) | < 10(5%) | 1.64 | 0.55–4.93 |
Consulted alternative practitioners stated | ||||||||
Yes | 24(4%) | 25(9%) | 2.51 | 1.41–4.48 | 40(6%) | < 10(4%) | 0.45 | 0.26–1.22 |
No | 644(96%) | 267(91%) | Ref | 665(94%) | 236(96%) | Ref | ||
Childbirth preparation | ||||||||
Intended | 103(16%) | 39(13%) | 1.15 | 0.63–2.10 | 103(15%) | 35(14%) | 1.64 | 0.84–3.17 |
No | 488(74%) | 229(79%) | 1.43 | 0.87–2.35 | 518(74%) | 192(79%) | 1.78 | 1.02–3.13 |
Yes | 70(11%) | 23(8%) | Ref | 77(11%) | 16(7%) | Ref | ||
Others | ||||||||
Fully breastfed | ||||||||
Yes | 383(57%) | 158(54%) | Ref | 397(56%) | 140(57%) | Ref | ||
No | 285(43%) | 135(46%) | 1.15 | 0.87–1.51 | 308(44%) | 105(43%) | 0.97 | 0.72–1.3 |
Prematurity | ||||||||
Term | 637(95%) | 277(95%) | Ref | 674(96%) | 231(94%) | Ref | ||
Premature | 31(5%) | 15(5%) | 1.11 | 0.59–2.09 | 30(4%) | 14(6%) | 1.36 | 0.71–2.61 |
Crowding groups | ||||||||
Low | 48(7%) | 21(7%) | Ref | 48(7%) | 21(9%) | Ref | ||
Medium | 356(54%) | 153(52%) | 0.98 | 0.57–1.7 | 403(57%) | 99(41%) | 0.58 | 0.32–0.98 |
High | 260(39%) | 119(41%) | 1.05 | 0.6–1.83 | 252(36%) | 123(51%) | 1.95 | 0.64–1.95 |
Dwelling | ||||||||
Family ownership | 219(33%) | 77(27%) | Ref | 233(34%) | 59(25%) | Ref | ||
Private rental | 258(39%) | 117(41%) | 1.29 | 0.92–1.81 | 284(41%) | 89(37%) | 1.24 | 0.85–1.8 |
Public rental | 180(27%) | 91(32%) | 1.44 | 1.00–2.06 | 175(25%) | 91(38%) | 2.05 | 1.40–3.01 |