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Table 1 Basic characteristics of study participants

From: Associations of long-term exposure to air pollution and physical activity with the risk of systemic inflammation-induced multimorbidity in Chinese adults: results from the China multi-ethnic cohort study (CMEC)

Characteristics*

Total

(n = 72,172)

Low PA

(n = 24,037)

Moderate PA

(n = 24,102)

High PA

(n = 24,033)

P-value

Age, years (SD)

52.2(11.4)

56.4(12.1)

50.1(11.0)

50.2(9.8)

< 0.001

DASH score (SD)

20.4(4.5)

20.8(4.5)

20.8(4.5)

19.8(4.4)

< 0.001

Physical activity, METs/d (SD)

26.8(18.3)

8.9(4.2)

23.3(4.9)

48.1(13.5)

< 0.001

BMI (SD)

24.0(3.4)

24.3(3.4)

24.0(3.3)

23.8(3.4)

< 0.001

Three-year average PM1, µg/m3 (SD)

30.4(11.3)

33.2(11.5)

31.4(11.4)

26.6(9.9)

< 0.001

Three-year average PM2.5, µg/m3 (SD)

38.7(12.4)

41.9(12.1)

39.9(12.3)

34.4(11.7)

< 0.001

Three-year average PM10, µg/m3 (SD)

65.2(16.2)

69.4(16.1)

66.7(16.1)

59.4(14.7)

< 0.001

Sex, n (%)

    

< 0.001

Male

28,654(39.7)

9,851(41.0)

9,305(38.6)

9,498(39.5)

 

Female

43,518(60.3)

14,186(59.0)

14,797(61.4)

14,535(60.5)

 

Ethnic group (%)

    

< 0.001

Han

46,000(63.7)

16,738(69.6)

15,854(65.8)

13,408(55.8)

 

Minority

26,172(36.3)

7,299(30.4)

8,248(34.2)

10,625(44.2)

 

Region (%)

    

< 0.001

Yunnan

20,261(28.1)

4,650(19.3)

5,886(24.4)

9,725(40.5)

 

Chongqing

18,943(26.2)

7,095(29.5)

6,971(28.9)

4,877(20.3)

 

Guizhou

15,283(21.2)

4,584(19.1)

4,887(20.3)

5,812(24.2)

 

Sichuan

17,685(24.5)

7,708(32.1)

6,358(26.4)

3,619(15.1)

 

Marital, n (%)

    

< 0.001

Married/Cohabitating

64,361(89.2)

20,565(85.6)

21,729(90.2)

22,067(91.8)

 

Unmarried/divorced/widowed

7,811(10.8)

3,472(14.4)

2,373(9.8)

1,966(8.2)

 

Annual family income, yuan/year (%)

    

< 0.001

<20,000

25,094(34.8)

7,614(31.7)

7,265(30.1)

10,215(42.5)

 

20,000–59,999

26,044(36.1)

8,254(34.3)

8,243(34.2)

9,547(39.7)

 

≥ 60,000

21,034(29.1)

8,169(34.0)

8,594(35.7)

4,271(17.8)

 

Education level, n (%)

    

< 0.001

Illiteracy

16,657(23.1)

5,271(21.9)

4,864(20.2)

6,522(27.1)

 

Primary school

18,447(25.6)

5,794(24.1)

5,112(21.2)

7,541(31.4)

 

Junior high school

19,713(27.3)

6,490(27.0)

6,284(26.1)

6,939(28.9)

 

High school or higher

17,355(24.0)

6,482(27.0)

7,842(32.5)

3,031(12.6)

 

Smoking status, n (%)

    

< 0.001

Never

53,457(74.1)

17,390(72.3)

18,168(75.4)

17,899(74.5)

 

Former

3,685(5.1)

1,646(6.8)

1,079(4.5)

960(4.0)

 

Current

15,030(20.8)

5,001(20.8)

4,855(20.1)

5,174(21.5)

 

Secondary smoking, n (%)

    

< 0.001

Yes

37,331(51.7)

11,873(49.4)

12,824(53.2)

12,634(52.6)

 

No

34,841(48.3)

12,164(50.6)

11,278(46.8)

11,399(47.4)

 

Alcohol drinking status, n (%)

  

< 0.001

Never

40,155(55.6)

13,614(56.6)

12,733(52.8)

13,808(57.5)

 

Occasionally

22,047(30.5)

7,056(29.4)

8,213(34.1)

6,778(28.2)

 

Often

9,970(13.8)

3,367(14.0)

3,156(13.1)

3,447(14.3)

 

Sleep duration, hours/day (%)

  

< 0.001

< 6

9,372(13.0)

3,803(15.8)

2,741(11.4)

2,828(11.8)

 

6–8

51,448(71.3)

16,578(69.0)

17,887(74.2)

16,983(70.7)

 

> 8

11,352(15.7)

3,656(15.2)

3,474(14.4)

4,222(17.6)

 

Indoor air pollution, n (%)

    

< 0.001

Low

11,501(15.9)

4,109(17.1)

3,747(15.5)

3,645(15.2)

 

Moderate

57,046(79.0)

19,030(79.2)

19,304(80.1)

18,712(77.9)

 

High

3,625(5.0)

898(3.7)

1,051(4.4)

1,676(7.0)

 

SIIM

    

< 0.001

No

56,781(78.7)

17,154(71.4)

19,570(81.2)

20,057(83.5)

 

Yes

15,391(21.3)

6,883(28.6)

4,532(18.8)

3,976(16.5)

 
  1. BMI indicates body mass index; DASH, dietary approaches to stop hypertension; METs, metabolic equivalent tasks; PM1, the particle with an aerodynamic diameter of 1 μm or less; PM2.5, the particle with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm or less; PM10, the particle with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 μm or less
  2. *Data are the mean (SD) for continuous variables and number (percentage) for categorical variables
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