Table 3 Outcomes and scales used within primary studies
Outcome | Scale used | Study | Rating | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Primary | Secondary | Â | Â | Â |
Resilience/Mindfulness | ||||
 Resilience |  | The Wagnild Resilience Scale (WRS) | Champion et al. (2018) [23] |  +  |
6-item Brief Resilience Scale | Flett et al. (2019) [29] | o | ||
12-item Scale of the Resilience Research Centre – Adult Resilience Measure (RRC-ARM), Section C | Litvin et al. (2020) [33] |  +  | ||
|  | Resilience | Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC10) | Deady et al. (2022) [26] |  +  |
 Mindfulness |  | 12-item Cognitive Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised | Flett et al. (2019) [29] | o |
Well-being | ||||
 Well-being (subjective, overall, combined) |  | SF36v2 short form | Costa et al. (2018) [25] |  +  |
Individual variables | Firestone et al. (2018) [28] |  +  | ||
21 items I COPPE Scale | Myers et al. (2017) [34] | o | ||
The Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (SWEMWBS) | Keemann et al. (2017) [31] |  +  | ||
|  | (Self-reported) Well-being | WHO Wellbeing Index (WHO-5) | Deady et al. (2022) [26] |  +  |
Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) on wellbeing | Schakel et al. (2020) [37] |  +  | ||
 Psychological/Mental well-being |  | Individual variables | Firestone et al. (2018) [28] |  +  |
21 items I COPPE Scale | Meyers et al. (2017) [34] |  +  | ||
Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale | Bostock et al. (2019) [15] |  +  | ||
COMPAS-W | Routledge et al. (2021) [36] |  +  | ||
|  | Psychological/Mental well-being | Ryff’s Scales of Psychological Well-Being (RPRS) | Litvin et al. (2020) [33] |  +  |
 Spiritual well-being |  | Individual variables | Firestone et al. (2018) [28] |  +  |
 Interpersonal well-being |  | 21 items I COPPE Scale | Myers et al. (2017) [34] |  +  |
 Community well-being |  | 21 items I COPPE Scale | Myers et al. (2017) [34] |  +  |
Individual variables | Firestone et al. (2018) [28] |  +  | ||
 Occupational well-being |  | 21 items I COPPE Scale | Myers et al. (2017) [34] | o |
 Physical well-being |  | 21 items I COPPE Scale | Myers et al. (2017) [34] | o |
Individual variables | Firestone et al. (2018) [28] |  +  | ||
 Economic well-being |  | 21 items I COPPE Scale | Myers et al. (2017) [34] |  +  |
Stress, anxiety, and depression | ||||
 Stress |  | Stress Overload Scale (SOS) | Economides et al. (2018) [27] | o |
The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) | Champion et al. (2018) [23] |  +  | ||
Flett et al. (2019) [29] | o | |||
Self-perceived stress | Keemann et al. (2017) [31] | o | ||
21-item Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) | Przybylko et al. (2021) [35] |  +  | ||
 Psychological distress |  | Subscales of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale | Bostock et al. (2019) [15] |  +  |
 Depression |  | PHQ-9 | Deady et al. (2022) [26] |  +  |
20-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) | Flett et al. (2019) [29] |  +  | ||
Howells et al. (2016) [30] |  +  | |||
21-item Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) | Przybylko et al. (2021) [35] |  +  | ||
Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-42) | Routledge et al. (2021) [36] |  +  | ||
 Anxiety |  | Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale–Anxiety Subscale (HADS-A) | Flett et al. (2019) [29] | o |
21-item Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) | Przybylko et al. (2021) [35] |  +  | ||
Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-42) | Routledge et al. (2021) [36] |  +  | ||
| Â | Anxiety | Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-2) | Deady et al. (2022) [26] | o |
One-item anxiety scale | Litvin et al. (2020) [33] |  +  | ||
Other mental health outcomes | ||||
 Flourishing1 |  | 8-Item Flourishing Scale | Flett et al. (2019) [29] | o |
Flourishing Scale | Howells et al. (2016) [30] | o | ||
 Satisfaction with life |  | Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) | Champion et al. (2018) [23] |  +  |
Howells et al. (2016) [30] | o | |||
Przybylko et al. (2021) [35] |  +  | |||
 Quality of life |  | WHOQOL-BREF is a 26-item scale | Costa et al. (2018) [25] |  +  |
Short Form Health Index (SF-36)2 | Przybylko et al. (2021) [35] |  +  | ||
| Â | Quality of life | RAND-36 | Schakel et al. (2020) [37] | o |
 Energetic arousal |  | Activation-Deactivation Adjective Checklist (ADACL) | Collins et al. (2019) [24] |  +  |
 Recovery |  | Recovery experience scale | Collins et al. (2019) [24] |  +  |
 Positive and negative affect |  | Scale of Positive and Negative Experience (SPANE) | Economides et al. (2018) [27] |  +  |
Positive and negative affect (PANAS) | Kelders et al. (2018) [32] |  +  | ||
Positive and Negative Affect Schedule1 | Schakel et al. (2020) [37] | o | ||
 Negative affect |  | Positive and negative affect (PANAS) | Howells et al. (2016) [30] | o |
 Positive affect |  | Positive and negative affect (PANAS) | Howells et al. (2016) [30] |  +  |
 Cognitive engagement |  | Short version of the Personal Involvement Inventory (PII) | Kelders et al. (2018) [32] |  +  |
 Cognitive and affective engagement |  | Flow State Questionnaire of the Positive Psychology Lab (PPL-FSQ) | Kelders et al. (2018) [32] |  +  |
 Frustration and irritability |  | Brief Irritability Test (BITe) | Economides et al. (2018) [27] |  +  |
 Emotional cognition |  | WebNeuro assessment tasks | Routledge et al. (2021) [36] |  +  |
|  | Personal growth | Personal Growth Initiative Scale (PGIS) | Litvin et al. (2020) [33] |  +  |
|  | Sleep problems | Medical Outcomes Study Sleep Scale | Schakel et al. (2020) [37] |  +  |