Table 4 Stakeholder’s roles and responsibilities

Local government

• Develop and implement policies and regulations

• Coordinate with other stakeholders

Provide enabling environment and resources.

[28, 47, 69]

Community members

• Participate in planning and decision-making

• Implement resilience-building initiatives

Represent local needs and perspectives

[40]

[22, 36]

Private sector

• Provide resources and technical expertise

• Collaborate on infrastructure projects

Support community initiatives

[47, 53]

[56]

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)

• Support community capacity building

• Advocate for community needs and rights

Offer technical assistance and resources

[58, 62]

[22]

Media and communication outlets

• Disseminate information and raise awareness.

• Facilitate public dialogue and engagement.

Enhance risk communication and knowledge sharing

[46, 55]

[56]

International organizations

• Provide funding, technical support, and capacity building

• Foster partnerships and cross-border collaboration

Assist in coordinating and scaling up efforts

[50, 53]

[39]

Health sector

• Develop public health preparedness plans

• Provide emergency health services and resources

Strengthen community health resilience

[70]

[63]

Emergency management agencies

• Develop and implement emergency response plans

• Coordinate disaster response and recovery efforts

Enhance community preparedness and response capacity

[56]

[23]

Faith-based organizations

• Provide emotional and spiritual support

• Mobilize resources and volunteers

Address psychosocial aspects of resilience

[15]

[48, 52]

Environmental organizations

• Advocate for sustainable practices

• Conduct environmental assessments and monitoring

Preserve ecosystems and natural resources

[10, 24]

[53]

Educational institutions

• Provide education and training programs

• Promote community engagement and participation

Build capacity and enhance community knowledge

[48, 71]

[34, 61]

Cultural organizations

• Preserve and promote local cultural heritage

• Facilitate intercultural dialogue and understanding

Foster community identity and cohesion

[72, 73]

[24]

Youth and community groups

• Engage and empower youth and marginalized communities

• Mobilize volunteers and resources

Promote inclusiveness and social equity

[15, 74]

[34]