Table 4 Multilevel parameter estimates and adjusted odds of tobacco use (for men)

Model-0

Model-I

Model-II

Model-III

Age

25–34

1.44 (1.09–1.89)**

1.43 (1.09–1.88)**

35 and above

1.57 (1.18–2.11)**

1.58 (1.18–2.11)**

Ref = Less than 25

Education level

No education

2.33 (1.61–3.38)***

2.45 (1.69–3.56)***

Primary

1.71 (1.21–2.42)**

1.78 (1.25–2.52)**

Secondary

1.17 (0.85–1.62)

1.21 (0.88–1.68)

Ref = Higher

Religion

Non-Christian

2.90 (2.46–3.41)***

2.89 (2.46–3.42)***

Ref = Christian

Wealth Index

Poorest

1.14 (0.85–1.53)

2.25 (1.55–3.28)***

Poorer

0.94 (0.70–1.26)

1.75 (1.22–2.49)**

Middle

0.81 (0.62–1.07)

1.23 (0.90–1.66)

Richer

0.88 (0.69–1.13)

1.03 (0.80–1.33)

Ref = Richest

Currently working

Yes

1.07 (0.84–1.36)

1.11 (0.88–1.41)

Ref = No

Marital status

In union

2.15 (1.67–2.77)***

2.16 (1.68–2.77)***

Divorced/Separated/Widowed

4.37 (3.21–5.94)***

4.27 (3.14–5.79)***

Ref = Never in union

Community media level

High

0.75 (0.59–0.95)*

1.16 (0.90–1.49)

Ref = Low

Place of residence

Urban

1.02 (0.77–1.35)

0.62 (0.46–0.83)**

Ref = Rural

Region

Reste-Ouest

0.57 (0.38–0.84)**

0.52 (0.35–0.77)***

Grand Sud

0.67 (0.46–0.98)*

0.69 (0.48–1.01)

Grand Nord

0.61 (0.44–0.86)**

0.63 (0.46–0.88)**

Artibonite/Centre

0.76 (0.54–1.06)

0.60 (0.43–0.84)**

Grand’Anse/Nippes

0.65 (0.44–0.98)*

0.59 (0.40–0.89)*

Ref = Aire Métropolitaine de Port-au-Prince

Measure of variation

Variance

0.35 (0.23–0.47)

0.32 (0.20–0.43)

0.31 (0.20–0.42)

0.24 (0.13–0.34)

ICC (%)

9.68

8.76

8.60

6.71

PCV (%)

Reference

8.57

11.43

31.43

Model fitness

Log-likelihood

− 3095.40

− 2804.25

− 3087.09

− 2778.46

AIC

6194.80

5638.49

6192.18

5600.91