Table 3 Multilevel parameter estimates and adjusted odds of tobacco use (for women)

Model-0

Model-I

Model-II

Model-III

Age

25–34

2.05 (1.33–3.15)**

2.04 (1.33–3.14)**

35 and above

2.71 (1.69–4.35)***

2.73 (1.70–4.38)***

Ref = Less than 25

Education level

No education

2.25 (1.09–4.63)*

2.29 (1.11–4.72)*

Primary

1.20 (0.61–2.36)

1.24 (0.63–2.45)

Secondary

1.40 (0.75–2.60)

1.46 (0.79–2.71)

Ref = Higher

Religion

Non-Christian

4.12 (2.93–5.81)***

3.79 (2.69–5.35)***

Ref = Christian

Wealth Index

Poorest

0.99 (0.58–1.70)

3.76 (1.80–7.84)***

Poorer

0.60 (0.35–1.04)

1.92 (0.97–3.80)

Middle

0.61 (0.37–0.98)*

1.17 (0.69–1.98)

Richer

0.64 (0.42–0.97)*

0.80 (0.52–1.21)

Ref = Richest

Currently working

Yes

0.70 (0.52–0.96)*

0.69 (0.51–0.94)*

Ref = No

Marital status

In union

1.03 (0.67–1.58)

1.05 (0.69–1.61)

Divorced/Separated/Widowed

2.46 (1.47–4.09)***

2.36 (1.42–3.93)***

Ref = Never in union

Community media level

High

0.94 (0.56–1.57)

1.77 (1.02–3.09)*

Ref = Low

Place of residence

Urban

1.17 (0.62–2.19)

0.69 (0.36–1.33)

Ref = Rural

Region

Reste-Ouest

0.33 (0.15–0.73)**

0.41 (0.19–0.86)*

Grand Sud

0.21 (0.09–0.48)***

0.29 (0.13–0.65)**

Grand Nord

0.19 (0.09–0.38)***

0.25 (0.13–0.48)***

Artibonite/Centre

0.38 (0.20–0.74)**

0.35 (0.18–0.65)**

Grand’Anse/Nippes

0.23 (0.09–0.59)**

0.26 (0.11–0.65)**

Ref = Aire Métropolitaine de Port-au-Prince

Measure of variation

Variance

1.27 (0.74–1.79)

1.05 (0.59–1.51)

1.01 (0.55–1.46)

0.79 (0.40–1.19)

ICC (%)

27.81

24.22

23.36

19.41

PCV (%)

Reference

17.32

20.47

37.80

Model fitness

Log-likelihood

− 1162.87

− 1088.45

− 1145.40

− 1065.56

AIC

2329.74

2206.90

2308.80

2175.12