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Table 4 Association of smokeless tobacco use and smoking intensity among adult male participants currently smoke, SAB 2018–2022

From: Smokeless and combustible tobacco use among 148,944 South Asian adults: a cross-sectional study of South Asia Biobank

SLT use status d

Smoking intensity a

Adjusted mean (95% CI)e

β (95% CI)

Bangladesh

  

Never SLT use

9.0 (8.3, 9.8)

[reference]

Ever SLT use b

7.9 (7.1, 8.7)

− 1.14 (-1.47, -0.80)

Never/former SLT use

9.0 (8.3, 9.8)

[reference]

Current SLT use c

7.7 (6.9, 8.4)

-1.38 (-1.74, -1.03)

 Current, 0–3 sessions/day

8.2 (7.3, 9.2)

-0.81 (-1.50, -0.12)

 Current, 4–5 sessions/day

7.5 (6.6, 8.4)

-1.53 (-2.10, -0.96)

 Current, ≥ 6 sessions/day

7.5 (6.7, 8.3)

-1.55 (-2.03, -1.06)

 P for trend

 

< 0.001

India

  

Never SLT use

5.7 (5.2, 6.1)

[reference]

Ever SLT use b

4.6 (3.9, 5.3)

− 1.05 (-1.72, -0.39)

Never/former SLT use

5.7 (5.2, 6.2)

[reference]

Current SLT use c

4.1 (3.3, 4.8)

-1.62 (-2.33, -0.92)

 Current, 0–3 sessions/day

4.0 (3.0, 4.9)

-1.74 (-2.67, -0.82)

 Current, 4–5 sessions/day

4.2 (2.7, 5.6)

-1.54 (-2.96, -0.12)

 Current, ≥ 6 sessions/day

4.2 (3.1, 5.4)

-1.47 (-2.62, -0.32)

 P for trend

 

0.684

Sri Lanka

  

Never SLT use

3.5 (3.2, 3.9)

[reference]

Ever SLT use b

3.1 (2.6, 3.5)

− 0.48 (-0.90, -0.55)

Never/former SLT use

3.5 (3.2, 3.8)

[reference]

Current SLT use c

3.1 (2.6, 3.5)

-0.47 (-0.90, -0.03)

 Current, 0–3 sessions/day

3.1 (2.5, 3.7)

-0.42 (-0.99, 0.15)

 Current, 4–5 sessions/day

2.9 (2.1, 3.7)

-0.63 (-1.47, 0.21)

 Current, ≥ 6 sessions/day

3.1 (2.4, 3.9)

-0.42 (-1.17, 0.32)

 P for trend

 

0.729

  1. Abbreviations: SLT, smokeless tobacco
  2. aSmoking intensity is defined by the average number of combustible tobacco product smoked per day among current smokers
  3. bReporting using smokeless tobacco currently or in the past
  4. cReported using smokeless tobacco currently. Smokeless tobacco use intensity is derived from answer to the question “on average, how many of the following products do you use each day”. If a respondent currently uses multiple smokeless tobacco products, the numbers are added up. The reference group is “never/former SLT use”
  5. dAll estimations adjusted for age and education attainment; study site was incorporated as a random effect to account for clustering and dependence within geographical locations. Pakistan sample was excluded from the analysis due to unstable estimation resulting from small number of current smokeless tobacco users
  6. ePredicted means (95% CI) are computed from predictions of respective fitted models