Table 1 Search strategy. The article search and review process was conducted between 31 August 2022 and July 2023

Keyword for barriers:

"barrier s"[All Fields] OR "barriers"[All Fields] OR ("factor"[All Fields] OR "factor s"[All Fields] OR "factors"[All Fields]) OR ("risk"[MeSH Terms] OR "risk"[All Fields]) OR "risk factor"[All Fields] OR ("prejudice"[MeSH Terms] OR "prejudice"[All Fields] OR "prejudices"[All Fields]) OR ("attitude"[MeSH Terms] OR "attitude"[All Fields] OR "attitudes"[All Fields] OR "attitude s"[All Fields]) OR ("issue"[All Fields] OR "issue s"[All Fields] OR "issues"[All Fields]) OR "self-conscience"[All Fields] OR "attitude of health personnel"[All Fields] OR ("attitude to health"[MeSH Terms] OR ("attitude"[All Fields] AND "health"[All Fields]) OR "attitude to health"[All Fields]) OR ("difficulties"[All Fields] OR "difficulty"[All Fields]) OR ("obstacle"[All Fields] OR "obstacles"[All Fields]) OR ("obstruct"[All Fields] OR "obstructed"[All Fields] OR "obstructing"[All Fields] OR "obstruction"[All Fields] OR "obstructions"[All Fields] OR "obstructive"[All Fields] OR "obstructs"[All Fields]) OR ("challenge"[All Fields] OR "challenged"[All Fields] OR "challenges"[All Fields] OR "challenging"[All Fields]) OR ("confront"[All Fields] OR "confrontation"[All Fields] OR "confrontational"[All Fields] OR "confrontations"[All Fields] OR "confrontative"[All Fields] OR "confronted"[All Fields] OR "confronting"[All Fields] OR "confrontive"[All Fields] OR "confronts"[All Fields]) OR "defy"[All Fields] OR ("mistrust"[All Fields] OR "mistrusted"[All Fields] OR "mistrustful"[All Fields] OR "mistrusting"[All Fields]) OR ("hinder"[All Fields] OR "hindered"[All Fields] OR "hindering"[All Fields] OR "hinders"[All Fields]) OR ("impediment"[All Fields] OR "impediments"[All Fields]) OR ("hurdle"[All Fields] OR "hurdles"[All Fields]) OR ("difficulties"[All Fields] OR "difficulty"[All Fields]) OR "defiance"[All Fields] OR "health knowledge attitudes practice"[All Fields] OR ("uncertainty"[MeSH Terms] OR "uncertainty"[All Fields] OR "uncertainties"[All Fields]) OR ("object"[All Fields] OR "object s"[All Fields] OR "objectness"[All Fields] OR "objects"[All Fields]) OR ("contest"[All Fields] OR "contestability"[All Fields] OR "contestable"[All Fields] OR "contestant"[All Fields] OR "contestants"[All Fields] OR "contestation"[All Fields] OR "contestations"[All Fields] OR "contested"[All Fields] OR "contesting"[All Fields] OR "contests"[All Fields]) OR ("question"[All Fields] OR "question s"[All Fields] OR "questionable"[All Fields] OR "questionables"[All Fields] OR "questionably"[All Fields] OR "questioned"[All Fields] OR "questioner"[All Fields] OR "questioners"[All Fields] OR "questioning"[All Fields] OR "questionings"[All Fields] OR "questions"[All Fields]) OR "health services accessibility"[All Fields] OR ("antagonists and inhibitors"[MeSH Subheading] OR ("antagonists"[All Fields] AND "inhibitors"[All Fields]) OR "antagonists and inhibitors"[All Fields] OR "inhibitors"[All Fields] OR "inhibitor"[All Fields] OR "inhibitor s"[All Fields]) OR ("roadblock"[All Fields] OR "roadblocks"[All Fields]) OR ("block"[All Fields] OR "blocked"[All Fields] OR "blocking"[All Fields] OR "blockings"[All Fields] OR "blocks"[All Fields]) OR ("pitfall"[All Fields] OR "pitfalls"[All Fields]) OR "communication barriers"[All Fields])) AND ((y_10[Filter]) AND (ffrft[Filter]) AND (english[Filter]))

Keyword for screening:

"screening"[All Fields] OR "Mass Screening"[MeSH Terms] OR ("mass"[All Fields] AND "screening"[All Fields]) OR "Mass Screening"[All Fields] OR "early detection of cancer"[MeSH Terms] OR ("early"[All Fields] AND "detection"[All Fields] AND "cancer"[All Fields]) OR "early detection of cancer"[All Fields] OR "screen"[All Fields] OR "screenings"[All Fields] OR "screened"[All Fields] OR "screens"[All Fields] OR "Mass Screening"[All Fields] OR "Preventive test"[All Fields] OR "preventive investigation"[All Fields] OR "early diagnosis"[All Fields])

Keywords for cervical cancer:

(("Cervical cancer"[All Fields] OR "Uterine cervical neoplasms"[All Fields] OR "cervical neoplasm"[All Fields] OR "Pap Smear"[All Fields] OR "Papanicolaou Test"[All Fields] OR "Pap test"[All Fields] OR "vaginal smears"[All Fields] OR "vaginal smear"[All Fields]) AND ("diagnosis"[MeSH Subheading] OR "diagnosis"[All Fields]

Keywords for Muslim

"islam"[All Fields] OR "muslim"[All Fields] OR "muslims"[All Fields] OR ("islam"[MeSH Terms] OR "islam"[All Fields] OR "islamic"[All Fields] OR "islam s"[All Fields] OR "islamism"[All Fields]) OR ("islam"[MeSH Terms] OR "islam"[All Fields] OR "moslem"[All Fields] OR "moslems"[All Fields]) OR ("islam"[MeSH Terms] OR "islam"[All Fields] OR "islamic"[All Fields] OR "islam s"[All Fields] OR "islamism"[All Fields]) OR ("religion"[MeSH Terms] OR "religion"[All Fields] OR "religions"[All Fields] OR "religion s"[All Fields]))