Table 3 Operationalisation of eight motive dimensions in PALMS framework in survey

Mastery

To get better at the activity

Physical condition

To maintain or improve my health

Affiliation

To spend time with others

Psychological condition

To do something nice for myself

Appearance

To maintain or improve my appearance

Others’ expectations

Because others in my social circle encourage me to do so

Enjoyment

Because I like the activity

Competition/ego

To compete with myself or others