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Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of participants

From: Experience and impact of stigma in people with chronic hepatitis B: a qualitative study in Asia, Europe, and the United States

 

United States (n = 15a )

Germany (n = 12b)

Italy (n = 12)

China (n = 12)

Japan (n = 12)

Total (N = 63)

Sex, n (%)

 Female

8 (53)

7 (58)

8 (67)

7 (58)

9 (75)

39 (62)

 Male

7 (47)

5 (42)

4 (33)

5 (42)

3 (25)

24 (38)

Mean age, yearsc

36

48.8

53.4

38

58.1

48.8

Median age (range), yearsc

49.5 (36–58)

52 (31–65)

58.5 (29–71)

38 (25–57)

59.5 (44–70)

50.0 (25–71)

Ethnicity, n (%)

 Asian

5 (36)

1 (8)

0

12 (100)

12 (100)

30 (48)

 Black/African American

1 (7)

0

0

0

0

1 (2)

 Caucasian/White

6 (43)

10 (83)

12 (100)

0

0

28 (44)

 Hispanic

2 (14)

0

0

0

0

2 (3)

 Other

0

1 (8)

0

0

0

1 (2)

Living status, n (%)

 Living with partner/spouse

4 (29)

3 (25)

2 (17)

9 (75)

4 (33)

22 (35)

 Living with partner and children

5 (36)

1 (8)

5 (42)

0

5 (42)

16 (25)

 Living with children

1 (7)

1 (8)

2 (17)

0

0

4 (6)

 Living with family

1 (7)

0

1 (8)

1 (8)

1 (8)

4 (6)

 Living alone

3 (21)

7 (58)

2 (17)

1 (8)

1 (8)

14 (22)

 Living with parents

0

0

0

1 (8)

0

1 (2)

 Other

0

0

0

0

1 (8)

1 (2)

Highest education level, n (%)

 Junior high school

0

0

0

0

2 (17)

2 (3)

 High school

1 (7)

0

1 (8)

4 (33)

1 (8)

7 (11)

 Technical college

0

0

0

0

4 (33)

4 (6)

 Apprenticeship

0

2 (17)

0

0

0

2 (3)

 Vocational training

0

5 (42)

0

8 (67)d

0

13 (21)

 College or associate’s degree

6 (40)

1 (8)

7 (58)

0

22 (35)

 University

0

4 (33)

1 (8)

5 (42)

18 (29)

 Bachelor’s degree

2 (13)

0

1 (8)

0

11 (17)

 Graduate or postgraduate degree

6 (40)

0

2 (17)

0

0

8 (13)

Employment status, n (%)e

      

 Employed full-time

12 (80)

5 (45)

2 (17)

9 (75)

6 (50)

34 (55)

 Employed part-time

2 (13)

3 (27)

0

0

3 (25)

8 (13)

 Unemployed

1 (7)

1 (9)

2 (17)

3 (25)

1 (8)

8 (13)

 Retired

0

1 (9)

3 (25)

0

2 (17)

6 (10)

 Other

0

1 (9)

4 (33)

0

0

5 (8)

Mean time since diagnosis, yearsf

10.7

10.5

11.7

10.6

19.7

12.5

Genotype, n (%)

 Genotype A

4 (27)

10 (83)

0

0

0

14 (22)

 Genotype B

2 (13)

0

0

0

1 (8)

3 (5)

 Genotype C

1 (7)

1 (8)

0

0

3 (25)

5 (8)

 Genotype D

1 (7)

1 (8)

1 (8)

0

0

3 (5)

 Unknown/NR

7 (47)

0

11 (92)

12 (100)

8 (67)

38 (60)

Treatment naïve, n (%)

2 (13)

4 (33)

3 (25)

0

1 (8)

10 (16)

Current treatment, n (%)

 NRTI

6 (40)

8 (67)

4 (33)

8 (67)

4 (33)

30 (48)

  Tenofovir

2 (13)

6 (50)

NR

2 (17)

NR

10 (16)

  Entecavir

4 (27)

2 (17)

NR

6 (50)

NR

12 (19)

  Azathioprine

0

0

2 (17)

0

0

2 (3)

  Unknown

0

0

0

0

2 (17)

2 (3)

 Prednisone

0

0

1 (8)

0

0

1 (2)

 Ursodiol

0

0

2 (17)

0

0

2 (3)

 Furosemide

0

0

1 (8)

0

0

1 (2)

 Interferon

2 (13)

1 (8)

0

3 (25)

2 (17)

8 (13)

 Lamivudine

1 (7)

0

2 (17)

1 (8)

1 (8)

5 (8)

 Tenofovir alafenamide

1 (7)

0

0

0

0

1 (2)

 Adefovir dipivoxil

0

0

0

2 (17)

0

2 (3)

 Thymopolypeptides

0

0

0

1 (8)

0

1 (2)

 Traditional Chinese medicine

N/A

N/A

N/A

6 (50)

1 (8)

7 (11)

 Unknown

2 (13)

0

0

1 (8)

1 (8)

4 (6)

 Not currently on treatment

2 (13)

0

0

0

5 (42)

7 (11)

Time since treatment initiation, n (%)

 3–24 months

7 (47)

6 (50)

7 (58)

5 (42)

1 (8)

26 (41)

 > 24 months

3 (20)

2 (17)

2 (17)

8 (67)

5 (42)

20 (32)

 Unknown

1 (7)

0

0

0

0

1 (2)

Comorbidities, n (%)

 None

8 (53)

6 (50)

5 (42)

8 (67)

7 (58)

34 (54)

 Depression

3 (20)g

0 h

0 h

0

1 (8)

4 (6)

 Anxiety

2 (13)

0

1 (8)

0

0

3 (5)

 High blood pressure

1 (7)

4 (33)

2 (17)

0

1 (8)

8 (13)

 Heart disease

0

3 (25)

1 (8)

0

0

4 (6)

 Congestive heart failure

0

2 (17)

1 (8)

0

0

3 (5)

 Diabetes

0

2 (17)

4 (33)

0

2 (17)

8 (13)

 Stroke

0

0

1 (8)

0

0

1 (2)

 Asthma/respiratory disease

0

1 (8)

4 (33)

0

0

5 (8)

 COPD

0

1 (8)

3 (25)

0

0

4 (6)

 Thyroid disease

0

0

6 (50)

1 (8)

0

7 (11)

 Arthritis/osteoarthritis

0

0

3 (25)

0

1 (8)

4 (6)

 Cancer

0

0

1 (8)

0

2 (17)

3 (5)

 Other

1 (7)

2 (17)

0

3 (25)

2 (17)

8 (13)

  1. COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, N/A Not applicable in this jurisdiction, NR Not reported, NRTI Nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor
  2. aAge, ethnicity, and living status demographics for 14 US participants only; 1 had missing data
  3. bEmployment status data for 11 German participants only; 1 had missing data
  4. cTotal mean and median (range) age based on 62 participants
  5. dUniversity (bachelor’s degree) or vocational college
  6. eTotal employment n (%) based on 62 participants
  7. fTotal mean time since diagnosis based on 60 participants
  8. gParticipants’ depression under control and asymptomatic at the time of the interview
  9. hn=4 reported multiple comorbidities
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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