Do digital health interventions hold promise for stroke prevention and care in Black and Latinx populations in the United States? A scoping review

Table 2 Efficacy of digital health intervention modalities by outcome across all reviews

	Web-based	Messaging	Phone-Based (Calls/Audio-only)	Mobile Applications	Health Devices	Computer-delivered	Telestroke	Virtual Reality
Clinical Outcome
HbA1c	[54, 58,59,60]	[47, 48, 54]		[47, 53, 56, 63,64,65] [66]	[46] [45]
Fasting Blood Sugar	[60]	[47]		[65]
Blood Pressure	[47, 58] [59] [55]	[47]	[55]	[67] [53, 66] [55]	[71]
Anthropometry	[49, 51, 58, 60]		[51]	[50, 63, 67] [64] [53]
Cholesterol	[58] [53] [59]			[53]
Identifying Atrial Fibrillation					[69]
Post-Stroke Outcomes
Balance (e.g., Functional Reach, Berg Balance Scale)								[44, 77,78,79,80] [81]
Mobility/Activity (e.g., Timed Up & Go, Carrying, Walking)					[70]	[53]		[44, 78,79,80,81] [82]
Function (Joint, Muscle)					[70]	[53]	[42]	[76] [82]
Mortality							[42, 73]
Symptomatic Intracranial Hemorrhage							[42, 73]
Onset to Door/Onset to Treatment							[73]
Length of Hospital Stay							[73] [42]
Memory						[53] [75]
Speech						[53]
Behavioral Outcomes
Medication Adherence	[55] [53]	[43, 48, 53, 68] [57]	[55, 68]	[63, 67] [68]
Diet	[53, 60]			[53]
Physical Activity	[53, 54, 58]	[54]		[54] [53] [50]
Smoking Cessation	[61, 62]			[53]

A solid circle indicates (1) a meta-analysis finds a significant effect in the experimental group or (2) the majority of individual studies find a significant benefit (> 50%) when a meta-analysis is not conducted. This indicates a strong case for potential benefits between the modality and the health outcome. A semi-solid circle indicates < 50% of the studies within a review find a significant effect. These findings would be inconclusive. A hollow circle indicates no studies found a significant effect or a meta-analysis was performed, and no effect was found. This would suggest no benefit by the modality upon the outcome
If the meta-analysis aggregated by function (e.g., monitoring) or outcome (e.g., blood pressure) and not modality, then we did not report meta-analytic findings in this table
Measures of anthropometry include BMI [49,50,51, 53, 63], body weight [49, 50, 58, 60, 64], and waist circumference [49, 64]

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