Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the study participants

Age, years

52.77 ± 0.19

50.22 ± 0.23

57.49 ± 0.26

< 0.001

Race, n (%)

0.067

 Mexican American

2950 (19.2%)

1677 (10.9%)

1273 (8.3%)

 Other Hispanic

1386 (9.0%)

786 (5.1%)

600 (3.9%)

 Non-Hispanic Black

3151 (20.5%)

2021 (13.1%)

1130 (7.3%)

 Non-Hispanic White

6757 (43.9%)

4165 (27.0%)

2592 (16.8%)

 Other race

1160 (7.5%)

772 (5.0%)

388 (2.5%)

Family PIR

2.82 ± 0.03

2.96 ± 0.03

2.56 ± 0.04

< 0.001

Education level, n (%)

< 0.001

 High school

4615 (30.0%)

2506 (16.3%)

2109 (13.7%)

 College

1521 (9.9%)

851 (5.5%)

670 (4.4%)

 Graduate

9268 (60.2%)

6064 (39.4%)

3204 (20.8%)

Marital status, n (%)

< 0.001

 Having a partner

9046 (58.7%)

5777 (37.5%)

3269 (21.2%)

 No partner

5279 (34.3%)

2888 (18.7%)

2391 (15.6%)

 Unmarried

1079 (7.0%)

756 (4.9%)

323 (2.1%)

Hypertension, n (%)

< 0.001

 No

7809 (50.7%)

6077 (39.5%)

1732 (11.2%)

 Yes

7595 (49.3%)

3344 (21.7%)

4251 (27.6%)

DM, n (%)

< 0.001

 No

12,380 (80.4%)

8770 (56.9%)

3610 (23.4%)

 Yes

3024 (19.6%)

651 (4.2%)

2373 (15.4%)

Smoker, n (%)

< 0.001

 No

9567 (62.1%)

5982 (38.8%)

3585 (23.3%)

 Former

3124 (20.3%)

1771 (11.5%)

1353 (8.8%)

 Now

2713 (17.6%)

1668 (10.8%)

1045 (6.8%)

Alcohol user, n (%)

< 0.001

 No

3456 (22.4%)

1909 (12.4%)

1547 (10.0%)

 Former

2894 (18.8%)

1506 (9.8%)

1388 (9.0%)

 Mild

4427 (28.7%)

2861 (18.6%)

1566 (10.1%)

 Moderate

2609 (16.9%)

1773 (11.5%)

836 (5.4%)

 Heavy

2018 (13.1%)

1372 (8.9%)

646 (4.2%)

CHD, n (%)

< 0.001

 No

14,868 (96.5%)

9240 (60.0%)

5628 (36.5%)

 Yes

536 (3.5%)

181 (1.2%)

355 (2.3%)

CHF, n (%)

< 0.001

 No

14,867 (96.5%)

9231 (59.9%)

5636 (36.6%)

 Yes

537 (3.5%)

190 (1.2%)

347 (2.3%)

Angina pectoris, n (%)

< 0.001

 No

14,907 (96.8%)

9239 (60.0%)

5668 (36.8%)

 Yes

497 (3.2%)

182 (1.2%)

315 (2.0%)

Heart attack, n (%)

< 0.001

 No

14,814 (96.2%)

9197 (59.7%)

5617 (36.5%)

 Yes

590 (3.8%)

224 (1.5%)

366 (2.4%)

Stroke, n (%)

< 0.001

 No

14,702 (95.4%)

9120 (59.2%)

5582 (36.2%)

 Yes

702 (4.6%)

301 (2.0%)

401 (2.6%)

Menopause status, n (%)

< 0.001

 No

2584 (16.8%)

2004 (13.0%)

580 (3.8%)

 Yes

12,820 (83.2%)

7417 (48.1%)

5403 (35.1%)

Oral contraceptive use, n (%)

< 0.001

 No

5349 (34.7%)

3138 (20.4%)

2211 (14.4%)

 Yes

10,055 (65.3%)

6283 (40.8%)

3772 (24.5%)

Use female hormones, n (%)

< 0.001

 No

11,635 (75.5%)

7350 (47.7%)

4285 (27.8%)

 Yes

3769 (24.5%)

2071 (13.4%)

1698 (11.0%)

Had a hysterectomy, n (%)

< 0.001

 No

10,886 (70.7%)

7154 (46.4%)

3732 (24.2%)

 Yes

4518 (29.3%)

2267 (14.7%)

2251 (14.6%)

Both ovaries removed, n (%)

< 0.001

 No

12,658 (82.2%)

8048 (52.2%)

4610 (29.9%)

 Yes

2746 (17.8%)

1373 (8.9%)

1373 (8.9%)

BMI, kg/m²

29.31 ± 0.09

27.38 ± 0.10

32.89 ± 0.13

< 0.001

Waist circumference, cm

97.29 ± 0.22

92.10 ± 0.23

106.89 ± 0.26

< 0.001

SBP, mmHg

123.60 ± 0.24

120.43 ± 0.28

129.49 ± 0.35

< 0.001

DBP, mmHg

70.30 ± 0.18

69.87 ± 0.17

71.09 ± 0.27

< 0.001

Hb, g/dL

13.49 ± 0.02

13.44 ± 0.02

13.59 ± 0.03

< 0.001

Mean energy

1751.33 ± 6.98

1775.89 ± 8.79

1705.80 ± 11.03

< 0.001

Intake (kcal/day)

< 0.001

 FBG, mg/dL

104.90 ± 0.31

96.98 ± 0.21

119.57 ± 0.66

< 0.001

 HbA1c, %

5.64 ± 0.01

5.41 ± 0.01

6.07 ± 0.02

< 0.001

 TC, mg/dL

201.68 ± 0.52

199.60 ± 0.57

205.53 ± 0.82

< 0.001

 TG, mg/dL

123.29 ± 0.99

97.02 ± 0.67

171.98 ± 2.23

< 0.001

 HDL-C, mg/dL

58.14 ± 0.24

63.43 ± 0.28

48.31 ± 0.25

< 0.001

 BUN, mg/dL

13.44 ± 0.08

12.81 ± 0.09

14.62 ± 0.12

< 0.001

 Scr, mg/dL

0.79 ± 0.00

0.76 ± 0.00

0.83 ± 0.01

< 0.001

 UA, mg/dL

4.85 ± 0.01

4.54 ± 0.01

5.44 ± 0.02

< 0.001

 eGFR, ml/min/1.73m²

90.27 ± 0.32

93.42 ± 0.36

84.44 ± 0.43

< 0.001

AFB, years

22.60 ± 0.09

22.98 ± 0.12

21.89 ± 0.09

< 0.001

ALB, years

29.22 ± 0.08

29.22 ± 0.10

29.22 ± 0.10

0.970

Number of pregnancies, times

3.60 ± 0.02

3.48 ± 0.02

3.81 ± 0.04

< 0.001

Number of live births, times

2.87 ± 0.02

2.76 ± 0.02

3.08 ± 0.03

< 0.001

Pregnancy loss, times

0.73 ± 0.02

0.72 ± 0.02

0.73 ± 0.03

0.818

Age at menarche, years

12.74 ± 0.02

12.79 ± 0.02

12.66 ± 0.03

< 0.001

Age at menopause, years

41.97 ± 0.13

41.44 ± 0.17

42.97 ± 0.15

< 0.001

Fertile lifespan, years

29.23 ± 0.14

28.65 ± 0.17

30.30 ± 0.15

< 0.001