Table 3 Child and family characteristics predicting fatal maltreatment and long-term mortality in the maltreated infants (n = 6295)

Birth year (Ref: 2004–2009)

 2010–2014

0.52 (0.29, 0.91)^*

0.87 (0.49, 1.55)

0.87 (0.42, 1.82)

Gender (Ref: Female)

 Male

1.15 (0.66, 2.01)

1.72 (0.80, 3.70)

Birthweight (Ref: ≥2500 g)^a

 2000–2499

3.47 (1.60, 7.52)^**

1.69 (0.77, 3.75)

2.33 (0.69, 7.91)

1.49 (0.43, 5.16)

 < 2000

6.74 (3.10, 14.6)^***

2.84 (1.26, 6.38)^*

10.8 (4.52, 25.9)^***

6.17 (2.46, 15.4)^***

Maternal marital status (Ref: Married)^b

 Single

5.47 (2.61, 11.5)^***

1.44 (0.62, 3.32)

3.61 (1.24, 10.5)^*

1.50 (0.46, 4.87)

 Others (divorced, widowed)

10.3 (4.56, 23.4)^***

1.92 (0.78, 4.72)

2.20 (0.30, 16.3)

0.77 (0.10, 6.14)

 Missing

0.73 (0.18, 3.04)

0.75 (0.18, 3.25)

1.06 (0.25, 4.52)

1.27 (0.28, 5.76)

Having at least one older child (Ref: No)^c,d

 Yes

2.05 (1.17, 3.62)^*

1.57 (0.86, 2.85)

2.18 (1.04, 4.57)^*

1.64 (0.75, 3.58)

Income level (insurance status) (Ref: Low income/poverty)^c

 Middle income

0.35 (0.20, 0.62)^***

0.93 (0.49, 1.79)

0.58 (0.25, 1.32)

1.30 (0.52, 3.24)

 High income

-

-

0.27 (0.10, 0.74)^*

1.12 (0.33, 3.83)

Maternal educational attainment (Ref: College or above)^a

 Senior high school

7.32 (3.48, 15.4)^***

1.09 (0.49, 2.44)

3.21 (1.34, 7.72)^**

1.36 (0.50, 3.71)

 Junior high school or below

12.1 (5.55, 26.5)^***

0.82 (0.33, 2.01)

6.55 (2.66, 16.1)^***

1.49 (0.46, 4.78)

Maternal age at having the index child (Ref: 35 years old or above)^a

 20–34

3.46 (1.24, 9.64)^*

1.81 (0.64, 5.13)

1.16 (0.47, 2.87)

0.82 (0.32, 2.09)

 < 20

20.7 (5.18, 82.7)^***

1.66 (0.37, 7.41)

7.19 (1.45, 35.6)^*

1.05 (0.17, 6.38)

Maternal depression (Ref: No)^c,e

 Yes

0.78 (0.11, 5.62)

-

Maternal substance use problems (Ref: No)^c,e

 Yes

3.35 (0.46, 24.3)

-

Well-child care utilization in the first two months of life (Ref: Yes)^c

 No

6.48 (3.72, 11.3)^***

2.24 (1.24, 4.05)^**

2.74 (1.25, 6.02)^*

1.19 (0.52, 2.76)

Maltreatment-related injuries (Ref: Undetermined cause only)^c

 Maltreatment syndrome only

90.3 (35.8, 228.0)^***

37.8 (13.8, 103.1)^***

23.6 (10.7, 52.1)^***

16.7 (6.60, 42.1)^***

 Assault only

7.57 (0.89, 64.7)

4.36 (0.50, 37.7)

-

-

 Two or more

41.0 (4.79, 350.9)^***

21.9 (2.51, 190.3)^**

23.2 (2.93, 182.8)^**

18.8 (2.29, 154.6)^**