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Table 1 General characteristics of the study population

From: Association between having a meal together with family and smoking: a cross-sectional nationwide survey

Variables

Current smoking status

Male

P-value

Female

P-value

Total

Yes

No

Total

Yes

No

N

%

N

%

N

%

N

%

N

%

N

%

Total (N = 11,079)

4,800

100.0

1,501

31.3

3,299

68.7

 

6,279

100.0

307

4.9

5,972

95.1

 

Having a meal together with family

      

 < .0001

      

 < .0001

 Yes

3,855

80.3

1,142

29.6

2,713

70.4

 

5,211

83.0

209

4.0

5,002

96.0

 

 No

945

19.7

359

38.0

586

62.0

 

1,068

17.0

98

9.2

970

90.8

 

Age

      

 < .0001

      

 < .0001

 19–29

627

13.1

208

33.2

419

66.8

 

733

11.7

76

10.4

657

89.6

 

 30–39

627

13.1

254

40.5

373

59.5

 

904

14.4

76

8.4

828

91.6

 

 40–49

882

18.4

360

40.8

522

59.2

 

1,287

20.5

70

5.4

1,217

94.6

 

 50–59

853

17.8

310

36.3

543

63.7

 

1,349

21.5

36

2.7

1,313

97.3

 

 60-

1,811

37.7

369

20.4

1,442

79.6

 

2,006

31.9

49

2.4

1,957

97.6

 

Marital status

      

 < .0001

      

 < .0001

 Married

3,755

78.2

1,098

29.2

2,657

70.8

 

4,737

75.4

193

4.1

4,544

95.9

 

 Divorced, Separated

937

19.5

335

35.8

602

64.2

 

1,266

20.2

87

6.9

1,179

93.1

 

 Single, widow

108

2.3

68

63.0

40

37.0

 

276

4.4

27

9.8

249

90.2

 

Household income

      

0.0001

      

0.0026

 Low

641

13.4

156

24.3

485

75.7

 

809

12.9

31

3.8

778

96.2

 

 Mid-low

1,167

24.3

371

31.8

796

68.2

 

1,552

24.7

93

6.0

1,459

94.0

 

 Mid-high

1,380

28.8

475

34.4

905

65.6

 

1,865

29.7

106

5.7

1,759

94.3

 

 High

1,612

33.6

499

31.0

1,113

69.0

 

2,053

32.7

77

3.8

1,976

96.2

 

Educational level

      

 < .0001

      

 < .0001

 Middle school or below

1,035

21.6

267

25.8

768

74.2

 

1,687

26.9

69

4.1

1,618

95.9

 

 High school

1,714

35.7

615

35.9

1,099

64.1

 

2,130

33.9

157

7.4

1,973

92.6

 

 University or beyond

2,051

42.7

619

30.2

1,432

69.8

 

2,462

39.2

81

3.3

2,381

96.7

 

Region

      

0.2532

      

0.5669

 Metropolitan

2,043

42.6

665

32.6

1,378

67.4

 

2,835

45.2

145

5.1

2,690

94.9

 

 Urban

1,737

36.2

529

30.5

1,208

69.5

 

2,285

36.4

112

4.9

2,173

95.1

 

 Rural

1,020

21.3

307

30.1

713

69.9

 

1,159

18.5

50

4.3

1,109

95.7

 

Occupational categories

      

 < .0001

      

0.1121

 White

1,367

28.5

413

30.2

954

69.8

 

1,500

23.9

73

4.9

1,427

95.1

 

 Pink

489

10.2

197

40.3

292

59.7

 

954

15.2

61

6.4

893

93.6

 

 Blue

1,584

33.0

548

34.6

1,036

65.4

 

890

14.2

43

4.8

847

95.2

 

 Inoccupation

1,360

28.3

343

25.2

1,017

74.8

 

2,935

46.7

130

4.4

2,805

95.6

 

Physical activity

      

0.0136

      

0.2553

 Adequate

2,221

46.3

655

29.5

1,566

70.5

 

2,568

40.9

116

4.5

2,452

95.5

 

 Inadequate

2,579

53.7

846

32.8

1,733

67.2

 

3,711

59.1

191

5.1

3,520

94.9

 

Current drinking status

      

 < .0001

      

 < .0001

 Never or occasionally

958

20.0

171

17.8

787

82.2

 

2,231

35.5

55

2.5

2,176

97.5

 

 2 ~ 4 times / month

2,320

48.3

721

31.1

1,599

68.9

 

3,373

53.7

157

4.7

3,216

95.3

 

 2 ~ 4 times / week

1,522

31.7

609

40.0

913

60.0

 

675

10.8

95

14.1

580

85.9

 

BMI

      

0.5744

      

0.1402

 Normal and underweight

1,463

30.5

469

32.1

994

67.9

 

3,134

49.9

149

4.8

2,985

95.2

 

 Overweight

1,265

26.4

382

30.2

883

69.8

 

1,282

20.4

53

4.1

1,229

95.9

 

 Obese

2,072

43.2

650

31.4

1,422

68.6

 

1,863

29.7

105

5.6

1,758

94.4

 

Number of chronic diseases

      

0.0006

      

 < .0001

 0

2,372

49.4

793

33.4

1,579

66.6

 

3,512

55.9

210

6.0

3,302

94.0

 

 1

1,454

30.3

448

30.8

1,006

69.2

 

1,598

25.4

58

3.6

1,540

96.4

 

  ≥ 2

974

20.3

260

26.7

714

73.3

 

1,169

18.6

39

3.3

1,130

96.7

 

Household generation composition

      

 < .0001

      

0.1859

 1st generation

1,662

34.6

403

24.2

1,259

75.8

 

1,789

28.5

85

4.8

1,704

95.2

 

 2nd generation

2,876

59.9

1,004

34.9

1,872

65.1

 

4,024

64.1

191

4.7

3,833

95.3

 

 3rd generation or more

262

5.5

94

35.9

168

64.1

 

466

7.4

31

6.7

435

93.3

 

Number of household members

      

 < .0001

      

0.0432

 2

1,920

40.0

518

27.0

1,402

73.0

 

2,325

37.0

120

5.2

2,205

94.8

 

 3

1,354

28.2

449

33.2

905

66.8

 

1,815

28.9

97

5.3

1,718

94.7

 

 4

1,147

23.9

396

34.5

751

65.5

 

1,562

24.9

56

3.6

1,506

96.4

 

  ≥ 5

379

7.9

138

36.4

241

63.6

 

577

9.2

34

5.9

543

94.1

 

Frequency of eating out

      

 < .0001

      

0.0004

 Everyday

1,367

28.5

496

36.3

871

63.7

 

861

13.7

55

6.4

806

93.6

 

 1 times more / week

2,335

48.6

723

31.0

1,612

69.0

 

3,339

53.2

182

5.5

3,157

94.5

 

 1 times more / month

785

16.4

209

26.6

576

73.4

 

1,496

23.8

45

3.0

1,451

97.0

 

 Never or less than once a month

313

6.5

73

23.3

240

76.7

 

583

9.3

25

4.3

558

95.7

 

Year

      

0.1814

      

0.9163

 2019

1,840

38.3

599

32.6

1,241

67.4

 

2,406

38.3

115

4.8

2,291

95.2

 

 2020

1,482

30.9

465

31.4

1,017

68.6

 

1,940

30.9

98

5.1

1,842

94.9

 

 2021

1,478

30.8

437

29.6

1,041

70.4

 

1,933

30.8

94

4.9

1,839

95.1

 
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