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Table 3 Associations between state/race/citizenship/language and Medicaid or any kind of government medical assistance among postpartum women in poverty using logistic regression c

From: Health insurance coverage and poverty status of postpartum women in the United States in 2019: an ACS-PUMS population-based cross-sectional study

 

Medicaid, medical assistance, or any kind of government-assistance

 

Yes

No

State by status of Medicaid expansion d

   

 Not expanded, n (%)

179,524 (51.4)

169,427 (48.6)

 Expanded, n (%)

337,001 (74.3)

116,642 (25.7)

 Multivariable adjusted model (Ref.: expanded) a, b

 

Odds ratios

Relative risks

 

Ref.

2.93 (2.55 ~ 3.37)

1.18 (0.91 ~ 1.44)

Race

   

 Black or African American, n (%)

146,757 (73.9)

51,915 (26.1)

 American Indian, Alaska Native, or Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, n (%)

12,092 (72.2)

4652 (27.8)

 Asian or some other race, n (%)

48,060 (52.4)

43,599 (47.6)

 Two or more races, n (%)

21,304 (66.5)

10,749 (33.5)

 White, n (%)

288,312 (62.2)

175,154 (37.8)

 Multivariable adjusted model (Ref.: White) a, b

 

Odds ratios

Relative risks

 Black or African American

Ref.

0.60 (0.50 ~ 0.73)

0.92 (0.81 ~ 1.03)

 American Indian, Alaska Native, or Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander

Ref.

0.68 (0.44 ~ 1.08)

0.94 (0.83 ~ 1.05)

 Asian or some other race

Ref.

1.30 (1.04 ~ 1.63)

1.03 (0.98 ~ 1.09)

 Two or More races

Ref.

0.94 (0.64 ~ 1.38)

0.99 (0.94 ~ 1.05)

Citizenship status e

   

 Non-US citizens, n (%)

46,451 (35.8)

83,219 (64.2)

 US citizens, n (%)

470,074 (69.9)

202,850 (30.1)

 Multivariable adjusted model (Ref.: US citizens) a, b

 

Odds ratios

Relative risks

  

Ref.

3.65 (3.05 ~ 4.38)

1.14 (0.93 ~ 1.36)

Language other than English spoken at home

   

 Yes, speaks another language, n (%)

127,362 (49.9)

127,637 (50.1)

 No, speaks only English, n (%)

389,163 (71.1)

158,432 (28.9)

 Multivariable adjusted model (Ref.: no) a, b

 

Odds ratios

Relative risks

 

Ref.

2.08 (1.86 ~ 2.32)

1.10 (0.96 ~ 1.24)

  1. Note: Poverty (< 100%) vs. no poverty (≥ 100%) was defined according to income-to-poverty ratio. In this table, state/race/citizenship status/language in use at home are exposures and public health coverage/Medicaid, medical assistance, or any kind of government-assistance are outcomes of interest
  2. a In all multivariable adjusted logistic models, we adjusted age (continuous), marital status (now married spouse present, now married spouse absent, widowed, divorced, separated, never married), educational attainment (less than high school, regular high school diploma, GED or alternative credential, some college but no degree, associate degree or bachelor’s degree, master’s degree, doctorate degree or professional degree beyond a bachelor’s degree), disability (with a disability, without a disability), employment status (civilian employed at work, civilian employed with a job but not at work, unemployed, armed forces at work, not in labor force, armed forces with a job but not at work); b Values indicate adjusted odds ratios/relative risks (95% confidence intervals); c In all logistic regression models, P values were < 0.0004 after conservative Bonferroni correction; d We categorized state as unexpanded states vs. expanded states based on the states’ decisions about adopting the Medicaid expansion as of January 1, 2019; e Non-US citizens were defined as a citizen of the US or women born abroad of American parents and US-citizens were defined as US citizen by naturalization or women born in the US, Puerto Rico, Guam, the US Virgin Islands, or the Northern Marianas
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BMC Public Health

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