Table 1 Comparisons of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics according to poverty status using Rao-Scott chi-square tests or t-tests f
| Â | Poverty | No poverty | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | N (%) a | SE b | N (%) a | SE b |
Total Women | 802,594 (20.9) | 13,560 | 3,036,676 (79.1) | 21,612 |
Age c (years) | 28.5 (0.1) | Â | 31.1 (0.04) | Â |
Race | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 White | 463,466 (57.7) | 10,575 | 2,136,986 (70.4) | 19,328 |
 Black or African American | 198,672 (24.8) | 6899 | 362,135 (11.9) | 8742 |
 American Indian, Alaska Native, or Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander | 16,744 (2.1) | 1650 | 27,510 (0.9) | 2210 |
 Asian or some other race | 91,659 (11.4) | 4609 | 409,849 (13.5) | 9683 |
 Two or more races | 32,053 (4.0) | 2529 | 100,196 (3.3) | 4469 |
Region | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Northeast | 114,444 (14.3) | 4806 | 480,572 (15.8) | 9347 |
 Midwest | 168,928 (21.0) | 5719 | 649,350 (21.4) | 10,651 |
 South | 353,900 (44.1) | 9191 | 1,146,184 (37.7) | 12,404 |
 West | 165,322 (20.6) | 5805 | 760,570 (25.0) | 9466 |
Nativity | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Native | 643,252 (80.1) | 12,484 | 2,461,811 (81.1) | 20,687 |
 Foreign born | 159,342 (19.9) | 5398 | 574,865 (18.9) | 11,390 |
Citizenship status | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Born in the US | 628,554 (78.3) | 12,106 | 2,405,622 (79.2) | 19,625 |
 Born in Puerto Rico, Guam, the US Virgin Islands, or the Northern Marianas | 9418 (1.2) | 1471 | 17,919 (0.6) | 1924 |
 Born abroad of American parent(s) | 5280 (0.7) | 936 | 38,270 (1.3) | 3224 |
 US citizen by naturalization | 34,952 (4.4) | 2363 | 217,472 (7.2) | 6228 |
 Not a citizen of the US | 124,390 (15.5) | 4856 | 357,393 (11.8) | 9222 |
Marital status | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Now married, spouse present | 181,177 (22.6) | 6400 | 2,176,481 (71.7) | 20,266 |
 Now married, spouse absent | 41,996 (5.2) | 3026 | 112,065 (3.7) | 5574 |
 Widowed | 5603 (0.7) | 1077 | 7307 (0.2) | 1053 |
 Divorced | 61,996 (7.7) | 3244 | 91,268 (3.0) | 4138 |
 Separated | 36,804 (4.6) | 2623 | 40,252 (1.3) | 3031 |
 Never married | 475,018 (59.2) | 10,527 | 609,303 (20.1) | 10,253 |
Educational attainment | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Less than high school | 191,452 (23.9) | 6592 | 223,135 (7.3) | 6800 |
 Regular high school diploma | 254,041 (31.7) | 7751 | 519,103 (17.1) | 9814 |
 GED or alternative credential | 42,648 (5.3) | 2794 | 69,662 (2.3) | 3300 |
 Some college, but no degree | 207,914 (25.9) | 6321 | 629,642 (20.7) | 11,810 |
 Associate degree or Bachelor’s degree | 95,653 (11.9) | 4178 | 1,078,919 (35.5) | 14,462 |
Master’s degree | 8379 (1.0) | 1248 | 383,487 (12.6) | 7063 |
 Doctorate degree or Professional degree beyond a Bachelor’s degree | 2507 (0.3) | 594 | 132,728 (4.4) | 4493 |
Language other than English spoken at home | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Yes, speaks another language | 254,999 (31.8) | 7912 | 858,681 (28.3) | 12,749 |
Ambulatory difficulty, Yes | 17,237 (2.1) | 1605 | 23,229 (0.8) | 2007 |
Cognitive difficulty, Yes | 36,788 (4.6) | 2604 | 51,806 (1.7) | 2931 |
Disability, With a disability | 69,872 (8.7) | 3974 | 113,085 (3.7) | 4385 |
Employment status | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Civilian employed, at work | 240,554 (30.0) | 8170 | 1,845,013 (60.8) | 17,232 |
 Civilian employed, with a job but not at work | 38,031 (4.7) | 2776 | 237,998 (7.8) | 7438 |
 Unemployed | 75,135 (9.4) | 4197 | 81,057 (2.7) | 3537 |
 Armed forces, at work | 330 (0.04) | 188 | 10,766 (0.4) | 1317 |
 Not in labor force | 447,108 (55.8) | 9408 | 858,078 (28.3) | 11,173 |
 Armed forces, with a job but not at work |  |  | 135 (0.005) | 115 |
Income d | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Total person’s income c, e (dollars) | 5388.9 (118.6) |  | 33592.0 (301.3) |  |
Income-to-poverty ratio c (%) | 43.0 (1.0) | Â | 333.0 (1.0) | Â |
Public assistance income, Yes | 78,816 (9.8) | 4168 | 66,901 (2.2) | 3996 |
Supplementary security income, Yes | 25,249 (3.1) | 2185 | 23,170 (0.8) | 2020 |