Table 2 Associations of the number of working hours and degree of social engagement with depressive symptoms
Variables | Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) |
|---|---|
Marital status | |
Separated, divorced, or widowed | 1.00 |
Married | 0.57 (0.49–0.66)** |
Income (quartile) | |
Q1 (lowest) | 1.00 |
Q2 | 0.86 (0.73–1.02) |
Q3 | 0.82 (0.69–0.97)* |
Q4 (highest) | 0.55 (0.45–0.67)** |
Assets (quartile) | |
Q1 (lowest) | 1.00 |
Q2 | 0.77 (0.65–0.91)** |
Q3 | 0.75 (0.63–0.89)** |
Q4 (highest) | 0.82 (0.68–0.99)* |
Residential area | |
Metropolis | 1.00 |
Medium-sized city | 1.26 (1.10–1.45)** |
Small-sized city | 0.77 (0.66–0.91)** |
Work-, life-, and health-related factors | |
Working hours (per week) | |
1–34 | 1.00 |
35–54 | 1.34 (1.03–1.71)* |
≥ 55 | 1.49 (1.09–2.04)* |
0 (not working) | 1.74 (1.32–2.30)** |
Job-related demands | |
No | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.49 (1.16–1.92)** |
Physical requirements of the job | |
No | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.11 (0.86–1.39) |
Caregiving | |
No | 1.00 |
Yes | 2.65 (1.71–4.10)** |
Formal participation | |
High (involvement in two or more activities) | 1.00 |
Medium (involvement in one activity) | 1.15 (0.97–1.36) |
Low (no involvement) | 1.19 (0.96–1.47) |
Informal participation | |
High (almost every day or 2–3 times a week) | 1.00 |
Medium (once a week or twice a month) | 1.00 (0.86–1.16) |
Low (once a month or less) | 1.57 (1.35–1.83)** |
Self-rated health | |
Poor or average | 1.00 |
Good | 0.65 (0.56–0.76)** |
Work–related limitations due to health problems | |
No | 1.00 |
Yes | 2.05 (1.80–2.34)** |
Limitations in instrumental ADL | |
No | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.28 (1.04–1.58)** |
Cognitive problems | |
Normal cognition | 1.00 |
Possible dementia | 1.69 (1.46–1.96)** |
Number of chronic diseases | |
None | 1.00 |
1 | 1.06 (0.90–1.25) |
≥ 2 | 1.34 (1.13–1.57)** |