Table 1 Comparison of sociodemographic characteristics and work-, life-, and health-related factors among age groups, n (%)
Variables | ALL a n = 5,751 | 55–59 years 727 (12.6) | 60–69 years 1,986 (34.5) | 70–79 years 1,922 (33.4) | ≥ 80 years 1,116 (19.4) | pb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Socioeconomic characteristics | ||||||
Sex | ||||||
Male | 2,492 (43.3) | 298 (41.0) | 905 (45.6) | 841 (43.8) | 448 (40.1) | 0.02 |
Female | 3,259 (56.7) | 429 (59.0) | 1,081 (54.4) | 1,081 (56.2) | 668 (59.9) | |
Education level | ||||||
Primary school | 2,537 (44.1) | 77 (10.6) | 563 (28.3) | 1,072 (55.8) | 825 (73.9) | < 0.01 |
Middle school | 1,108 (17.7) | 127 (17.5) | 474 (23.9) | 310 (16.1) | 107 (9.6) | |
High school | 1,689 (29.4) | 410 (56.4) | 748 (37.7) | 400 (20.8) | 131 (11.7) | |
College or higher | 570 (8.8) | 113 (15.5) | 201 (10.1) | 140 (7.3) | 53 (4.7) | |
Marital status | ||||||
Separated, divorced, or widowed | 1,475 (25.6) | 78 (10.7) | 289 (14.6) | 534 (27.8) | 574 (51.4) | < 0.01 |
Married | 4,276 (74.4) | 649 (89.3) | 1,697 (85.4) | 1,388 (72.2) | 542 (48.6) | |
Income (quartile) | ||||||
Q1 (lowest) | 1,406 (24.4) | 210 (28.9) | 528 (26.6) | 393 (20.4) | 275 (24.6) | < 0.01 |
Q2 | 1,483 (25.8) | 61 (8.4) | 323 (16.3) | 626 (32.6) | 473 (42.4) | |
Q3 | 1,366 (23.8) | 109 (15.0) | 442 (22.3) | 550 (28.6) | 265 (23.7) | |
Q4 (highest) | 1,496 (26.0) | 347 (47.7) | 693 (34.9) | 353 (18.4) | 103 (9.2) | |
Assets (quartile) | ||||||
Q1 (lowest) | 1,418 (24.7) | 141 (19.4) | 395 (19.9) | 469 (24.4) | 413 (37.0) | < 0.01 |
Q2 | 1,463 (25.4) | 178 (24.5) | 475 (23.9) | 543 (28.3) | 267 (23.9) | |
Q3 | 1,484 (25.8) | 197 (27.1) | 559 (28.1) | 467 (24.3) | 261 (23.4) | |
Q4 (highest) | 1,386 (24.1) | 211 (29.0) | 557 (28.0) | 443 (23.0) | 175 (15.7) | |
Region | ||||||
Metropolis | 2,390 (41.6) | 341 (46.9) | 881 (44.4) | 744 (38.7) | 424 (38.0) | < 0.01 |
Medium-sized city | 1,829 (31.8) | 253 (34.8) | 665 (33.8) | 596 (31.0) | 315 (28.2) | |
Small-sized city | 1,532 (26.6) | 133 (18.3) | 440 (22.2) | 582 (30.3) | 377 (33.8) | |
Religious | ||||||
No | 3,299 (57.4) | 458 (63.0) | 1,111 (55.9) | 1,067 (55.5) | 663 (59.4) | < 0.01 |
Yes | 2,452 (42.6) | 269 (37.0) | 875 (44.1) | 855 (44.5) | 453 (40.6) | |
Family ties | ||||||
Number of children who they meet weekly | ||||||
None | 4,561 (79.3) | 638 (87.8) | 1,592 (80.2) | 1,467 (76.3) | 864 (77.4) | < 0.01 |
≥ 1 | 1,190 (20.7) | 89 (12.2) | 394 (19.8) | 455 (23.7) | 252 (22.6) | |
Number of children who phone or mail weekly | ||||||
None | 1,853 (32.2) | 353 (48.6) | 648 (32.6) | 526 (27.4) | 326 (29.2) | < 0.01 |
≥ 1 | 3,898 (67.8) | 374 (51.4) | 1,338 (67.4) | 1,396 (72.6) | 790 (70.8) | |
Work-related factors | ||||||
Working hours (per week) | ||||||
1–34 | 687 (11.9) | 96 (13.2) | 293 (14.8) | 243 (12.6) | 55 (4.9) | < 0.01 |
35–54 | 1,061 (18.4) | 338 (46.5) | 536 (27.0) | 164 (8.5) | 23 (2.5) | |
≥ 55 | 378 (6.6) | 80 (11.0) | 203 (10.2) | 80 (4.2) | 15 (1.3) | |
0 (not working) | 3,625 (63.0) | 213 (29.3) | 954 (48.0) | 1,435 (74.7) | 1,023 (91.7) | |
Job-related demands | ||||||
No | 5,322 (92.5) | 609 (83.8) | 1,768 (89.0) | 1,846 (96.0) | 1,099 (98.5) | < 0.01 |
Yes | 429 (7.5) | 118 (16.2) | 218 (11.0) | 76 (4.0) | 17 (1.5) | |
Physical requirements of the job | ||||||
No | 4,267 (74.2) | 387 (53.2) | 1,264 (63.6) | 1,570 (81.7) | 1,045 (93.7) | < 0.01 |
Yes | 1,484 (25.8) | 340 (46.8) | 722 (36.4) | 352 (18.3) | 70 (6.3) | |
Caregiving | ||||||
No | 5,651 (98.3) | 722 (99.3) | 1,959 (98.6) | 1,892 (98.4) | 1,078 (96.6) | < 0.01 |
Yes | 100 (1.7) | 5 (0.7) | 27 (1.4) | 30 (1.6) | 38 (3.4) | |
Social engagement | ||||||
Formal participation | ||||||
High | 1,184 (20.6) | 218 (30.0) | 508 (25.6) | 354 (18.4) | 104 (9.3) | < 0.01 |
Medium | 3,191 (55.5) | 420 (57.8) | 1,181 (59.5) | 1,046 (54.5) | 544 (48.7) | |
Low | 1,376 (23.9) | 89 (12.2) | 297 (15.0) | 522 (27.2) | 468 (41.9) | |
Informal participation | ||||||
High | 2,426 (42.2) | 257 (35.4) | 779 (39.2) | 861 (44.8) | 529 (47.4) | < 0.01 |
Medium | 1,761 (30.6) | 270 (37.1) | 643 (32.4) | 559 (29.1) | 289 (35.9) | |
Low | 1,564 (27.2) | 200 (27.5) | 564 (28.4) | 502 (26.1) | 298 (26.7) | |
Health-related factors | ||||||
Self-rated health | ||||||
Poor or average | 4,184 (72.8) | 337 (46.4) | 1,268 (63.8) | 1,561 (81.2) | 1,018 (91.2) | < 0.01 |
Good | 1,567 (27.2) | 390 (53.6) | 718 (36.2) | 361 (18.8) | 98 (8.8) | |
Work limitations due to health problems | ||||||
No | 3,745 (65.1) | 612 (84.2) | 1,498 (75.4) | 1,179(61.3) | 456 (40.9) | < 0.01 |
Yes | 2,006 (34.9) | 115 (15.8) | 488 (24.6) | 743 (38.7) | 660 (59.1) | |
Instrumental ADL limitations | ||||||
No | 5,237 (91.1) | 702 (96.6) | 1,878 (94.6) | 1,767 (91.9) | 890 (79.7) | < 0.01 |
Yes | 514 (8.9) | 25 (3.4) | 108 (5.4) | 155 (8.1) | 226 (20.3) | |
Cognitive problems | ||||||
Normal cognition | 4,281 (74.4) | 693 (95.3) | 1,756 (88.4) | 1,317 (68.5) | 515 (46.1) | < 0.01 |
Possible dementia | 1,470 (25.6) | 34 (4.7) | 230 (11.6) | 605 (31.5) | 601 (53.9) | |
Number of chronic diseases | ||||||
None | 1,726 (30.0) | 442 (60.8) | 741 (37.3) | 373 (19.4) | 170 (15.2) | < 0.01 |
1 | 1,772 (30.8) | 207 (28.5) | 679 (34.2) | 604 (31.4) | 282 (25.3) | |
≥ 2 | 2,253 (39.2) | 78 (10.7) | 566 (28.5) | 945 (49.2) | 664 (59.5) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
< 23 | 2,703 (47.0) | 338 (46.5) | 857 (43.2) | 889 (46.3) | 619 (55.5) | < 0.01 |
23–24.9 | 1,496 (26.0) | 207 (28.5) | 564 (28.4) | 499 (26.0) | 226 (20.3) | |
≥ 25 | 1,552 (27.0) | 182 (25.0) | 565 (28.4) | 534 (27.8) | 271 (24.3) | |
Depressive symptoms | ||||||
No | 3,757 (65.3) | 558 (76.8) | 1,405 (70.7) | 1,208 (62.9) | 586 (52.5) | < 0.01 |
Yes | 1,994 (34.7) | 169 (23.2) | 581 (29.3) | 714 (37.1) | 530 (47.5) | |
Smoking | ||||||
Non or former smoker | 5,134 (89.3) | 617 (84.9) | 1,705 (85.9) | 1,757 (91.4) | 1,055(94.5) | < 0.01 |
Current smoker | 617 (10.7) | 110 (15.1) | 281 (14.1) | 165 (8.6) | 61 (5.5) | |
Alcohol consumption | ||||||
No | 2,893 (50.3) | 290 (39.9) | 899 (45.3) | 1,030 (53.6) | 674 (60.4) | < 0.01 |
Yes | 2,858 (49.7) | 437 (60.1) | 1,087 (54.7) | 892 (46.4) | 442 (39.6) | |
Exercise | ||||||
No | 3,706 (64.4) | 451 (62.0) | 1,217 (61.3) | 1,203 (62.6) | 835 (74.8) | < 0.01 |
Yes | 2,045 (35.6) | 276 (38.0) | 769 (38.7) | 719 (37.4) | 281 (25.2) | |