Barriers and facilitators of people living with HIV receiving optimal care for hypertension and diabetes in Tanzania: a qualitative study with healthcare professionals and people living with HIV

Table 2 Barriers and facilitators for prevention, early diagnosis and safe effective care from the themes and sub-themes identified

Themes	Sub-themes	Prevention		Early diagnosis		Safe and effective care
Themes	Sub-themes	Barriers	Facilitators	Barriers	Facilitators	Barriers	Facilitators
Organisational and healthcare system factors	Education on lifestyle behaviours		X
	Counselling on ARV adherence		X
	Fragmented HIV and NCD services			X		X
	No protocols on NCD screening			X
	Lack of access to diagnostic equipment			X
	Lack of continuity of care for NCDs					X
Individual factors	HCPs knowledge of NCDs	X			X
	PLWH knowledge of NCDs	X				X
	HCPs personal practice				X		X
	Self-monitoring of NCDs						X
Syndemic^a factors	Poverty of PLWH	X		X		X
	HIV stigma			X		X
	Mental health of PLWH	X

ARV Antiretrovirals, NCD Non-communicable disease, HCPs Healthcare providers, PLWH People living with HIV
^aSinger and Clair [34] define a syndemic as “a set of intertwined and mutually enhancing epidemics involving disease interactions at the biological level that develop and are sustained in a community/population because of harmful social conditions and injurious social connections”

ISSN: 1471-2458