Table 1 Weighted prevalence of characteristics of study participants, Michigan COVID-19 recovery surveillance study, 2020–2021 (n = 2,759)
COVID-19 stigma | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Yes | No | p-value | |
(100%) | (n = 1,050, 38.8%) | (n = 1,709, 61.2%) | ||
Age group | 0.000 | |||
18–34 | 37.4 | 39.6 | 35.9 | |
35–44 | 17.1 | 20.5 | 15.0 | |
45–54 | 17.5 | 17.0 | 17.8 | |
55–64 | 15.9 | 14.5 | 16.8 | |
≥65 | 12.1 | 8.4 | 14.5 | |
Sex | 0.000 | |||
Male | 46.1 | 39.9 | 50.0 | |
Female | 53.9 | 60.1 | 50.0 | |
Race and ethnicity | 0.017 | |||
Hispanic | 8.6 | 9.4 | 8.1 | |
Non-Hispanic White | 71.5 | 67.9 | 73.7 | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 9.5 | 11.5 | 8.3 | |
Another non-Hispanic race and ethnicity | 10.4 | 11.2 | 9.9 | |
Marital status | 0.022 | |||
Married or cohabiting | 62.1 | 59.2 | 64.0 | |
Not married or cohabiting | 37.9 | 40.8 | 36.0 | |
Employment status | 0.021 | |||
Healthcare worker | 12.1 | 13.7 | 11.2 | |
Non-healthcare worker | 60.2 | 61.5 | 59.4 | |
Unemployed | 27.7 | 24.8 | 29.5 | |
Household income | 0.010 | |||
<$35,000 | 30.9 | 33.8 | 29.0 | |
$35,000–74,999 | 30.7 | 31.4 | 30.2 | |
≥$75,000 | 38.4 | 34.8 | 40.8 | |
Pre-existing diagnosed physical comorbidities | 0.403 | |||
Yes | 49.0 | 50.1 | 48.3 | |
No | 51.0 | 49.9 | 51.7 | |
Pre-existing diagnosed psychological or psychiatric condition | 0.000 | |||
Yes | 12.9 | 16.6 | 10.5 | |
No | 87.1 | 83.4 | 89.5 | |
Body mass index | 0.179 | |||
Underweight/normal | 26.3 | 28.4 | 24.9 | |
Overweight | 31.4 | 30.9 | 31.7 | |
Obese | 42.3 | 40.7 | 43.4 | |
Cigarette smoking directly prior to COVID-19 illness | 0.606 | |||
Yes | 8.6 | 9.0 | 8.4 | |
No | 91.4 | 91.0 | 91.6 | |
COVID-19 symptom severity | 0.000 | |||
Asymptomatic/mild | 32.4 | 26.6 | 36.0 | |
Moderate | 32.4 | 32.6 | 32.2 | |
Severe | 23.5 | 26.5 | 21.6 | |
Very severe | 11.7 | 14.3 | 10.2 | |
Hospitalized | 0.859 | |||
Yes | 9.1 | 9.3 | 9.1 | |
No | 90.9 | 90.7 | 90.9 | |