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Table 3 Predictors of seeking care from a primary care provider using logistic regression (n = 677), MI CReSS

From: Differential care-seeking behaviors during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in Michigan: a population-based cross-sectional study

 

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

 

Odds Ratio

95% CI

Odds Ratio

95% CI

Odds Ratio

95% CI

Odds Ratio

95% CI

Sex

        

 Male

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 Female

1.34

[0.95, 1.90]

1.72**

[1.15, 2.55]

1.69*

[1.12, 2.54]

1.77**

[1.17, 2.67]

Age Group

        

 18 to 34

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 35 to 54

1.65

[0.99, 2.75]

1.44

[0.82, 2.53]

1.30

[0.72, 2.38]

1.34

[0.74, 2.42]

 55 to 64

1.78*

[1.00, 3.14]

1.52

[0.80, 2.90]

1.44

[0.73, 2.84]

1.50

[0.76, 2.95]

 65+

0.88

[0.49, 1.59]

0.78

[0.39, 1.57]

0.71

[0.34, 1.50]

0.69

[0.33, 1.46]

Race/Ethnicity

        

 Hispanic

0.46**

[0.27, 0.80]

0.65

[0.35, 1.21]

0.87

[0.44, 1.71]

0.92

[0.46, 1.84]

 Non-Hispanic White

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 Non-Hispanic Black

0.31***

[0.21, 0.48]

0.28***

[0.17, 0.46]

0.27***

[0.16, 0.45]

0.27***

[0.16, 0.44]

 Another race/ethnicity

0.78

[0.45, 1.37]

0.93

[0.50, 1.71]

1.05

[0.55, 2.00]

1.05

[0.56, 2.00]

Annual Household Income

        

 <$35,000

0.45***

[0.30, 0.68]

0.91

[0.54, 1.54]

1.06

[0.60, 1.86]

1.06

[0.60, 1.87]

 $35,000-$74,999

0.50**

[0.32, 0.77]

0.72

[0.44, 1.16]

0.74

[0.45, 1.21]

0.76

[0.46, 1.25]

 $75,000+

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

Education

        

 High school education or less

0.41***

[0.27, 0.63]

0.53*

[0.31, 0.89]

0.52*

[0.31, 0.88]

0.50*

[0.29, 0.85]

 Some college or technical school

0.79

[0.52, 1.19]

0.97

[0.61, 1.54]

0.98

[0.61, 1.57]

0.97

[0.60, 1.55]

 College graduate

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

Marital Status

        

 Widowed, divorced, separated, or never married

0.68*

[0.48, 0.97]

1.11

[0.73, 1.70]

1.11

[0.71, 1.71]

1.12

[0.72, 1.73]

 Married or living with a partner in a marriage-like relationship

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

Living Arrangement

        

 Rent

0.49***

[0.32, 0.73]

0.65

[0.40, 1.06]

0.77

[0.46, 1.29]

0.77

[0.46, 1.28]

 Own

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 Other arrangement

0.31***

[0.18, 0.56]

0.36**

[0.18, 0.71]

0.44*

[0.22, 0.88]

0.42*

[0.22, 0.83]

Health Insurance Type

        

 Uninsured

0.17***

[0.08, 0.36]

  

0.19***

[0.09, 0.42]

0.19***

[0.09, 0.42]

 Private

1.00

   

1.00

 

1.00

 

 Medicare

0.40**

[0.23, 0.71]

  

0.62

[0.31, 1.24]

0.63

[0.31, 1.26]

 Medicaid

0.52*

[0.28, 0.98]

  

0.67

[0.32, 1.41]

0.67

[0.32, 1.41]

 Another Type

0.94

[0.32, 2.73]

  

1.00

[0.31, 3.24]

1.09

[0.34, 3.53]

Self-Reported Severity of Symptoms

        

 Mild

1.00

     

1.00

 

 Moderate

1.24

[0.68, 2.25]

    

0.66

[0.34, 1.28]

 Severe

1.33

[0.76, 2.32]

    

0.84

[0.44, 1.60]

 Very severe

1.01

[0.58, 1.78]

    

0.68

[0.35, 1.33]

  1. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
  2. This analysis was done using a subsample of respondents who did seek care. The weighted population size was n = 37,499, which reflects the Michigan population with PCR-confirmed COVID-19 who sought care during this period. Model 1 is unadjusted. Model 2 is adjusted for sociodemographic variables (sex, age group, race/ethnicity, education, marital status, and living arrangement). Model 3 is adjusted for sociodemographic variables and health insurance type. Model 4 is adjusted for sociodemographic variables, health insurance type, and self-reported severity of symptoms. Models 2–4 are additionally controlled for survey type (online versus phone) and sample.
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BMC Public Health

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