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Table 2 Predictors of seeking care for COVID-19 using logistic regression (nā€‰=ā€‰1088), MI CReSS

From: Differential care-seeking behaviors during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in Michigan: a population-based cross-sectional study

Ā 

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

Ā 

Odds Ratio

95% CI

Odds Ratio

95% CI

Odds Ratio

95% CI

Odds Ratio

95% CI

Sex

Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā 

ā€ƒMale

1.00

Ā 

1.00

Ā 

1.00

Ā 

1.00

Ā 

ā€ƒFemale

1.01

[0.76, 1.34]

1.04

[0.77, 1.42]

1.04

[0.76, 1.43]

0.99

[0.71, 1.38]

Age Group

Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā 

ā€ƒ18 to 34

1.00

Ā 

1.00

Ā 

1.00

Ā 

1.00

Ā 

ā€ƒ35 to 54

3.65***

[2.55, 5.23]

3.34***

[2.24, 4.98]

3.36***

[2.24, 5.04]

2.91***

[1.91, 4.45]

ā€ƒ55 to 64

3.78***

[2.47, 5.80]

3.28***

[2.03, 5.31]

3.34***

[2.06, 5.42]

2.51***

[1.49, 4.23]

ā€ƒ65+

4.89***

[3.05, 7.84]

3.95***

[2.32, 6.73]

3.89***

[2.24, 6.77]

4.00***

[2.21, 7.24]

Race/Ethnicity

Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā 

ā€ƒHispanic

1.66*

[1.02, 2.70]

1.55

[0.89, 2.69]

1.48

[0.85, 2.57]

1.14

[0.61, 2.10]

ā€ƒNon-Hispanic White

1.00

Ā 

1.00

Ā 

1.00

Ā 

1.00

Ā 

ā€ƒNon-Hispanic Black

1.72**

[1.20, 2.47]

1.03

[0.68, 1.56]

1.03

[0.68, 1.55]

0.94

[0.60, 1.45]

ā€ƒAnother race/ethnicity

1.61*

[1.02, 2.53]

1.59

[0.96, 2.64]

1.53

[0.92, 2.54]

1.46

[0.86, 2.50]

Annual Household Income

Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā 

ā€ƒ<$35,000

1.36

[0.98, 1.90]

1.39

[0.90, 2.16]

1.27

[0.79, 2.02]

1.22

[0.72, 2.05]

ā€ƒ$35,000-$74,999

1.15

[0.82, 1.61]

1.23

[0.84, 1.81]

1.22

[0.83, 1.80]

1.07

[0.70, 1.62]

ā€ƒ$75,000+

1.00

Ā 

1.00

Ā 

1.00

Ā 

1.00

Ā 

Education

Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā 

ā€ƒHigh school education or less

1.58*

[1.11, 2.25]

1.04

[0.68, 1.58]

1.01

[0.66, 1.54]

1.22

[0.77, 1.92]

ā€ƒSome college or technical school

1.15

[0.84, 1.59]

1.04

[0.72, 1.48]

1.02

[0.71, 1.46]

1.00

[0.68, 1.45]

ā€ƒCollege graduate

1.00

Ā 

1.00

Ā 

1.00

Ā 

1.00

Ā 

Marital Status

Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā 

ā€ƒWidowed, divorced, separated, or never married

0.81

[0.61, 1.08]

0.94

[0.65, 1.34]

0.94

[0.65, 1.35]

0.96

[0.65, 1.42]

ā€ƒMarried or living with a partner in a marriage-like relationship

1.00

Ā 

1.00

Ā 

1.00

Ā 

1.00

Ā 

Living Arrangement

Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā 

ā€ƒRent

0.82

[0.59, 1.13]

1.07

[0.69, 1.64]

1.02

[0.66, 1.58]

0.94

[0.60, 1.48]

ā€ƒOwn

1.00

Ā 

1.00

Ā 

1.00

Ā 

1.00

Ā 

ā€ƒOther arrangement

0.68

[0.45, 1.05]

1.09

[0.64, 1.85]

1.03

[0.60, 1.76]

0.97

[0.54, 1.72]

Health Insurance Type

Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā 

ā€ƒUninsured

1.01

[0.61, 1.65]

Ā Ā 

1.43

[0.80, 2.54]

1.41

[0.77, 2.58]

ā€ƒPrivate

1.00

Ā Ā Ā 

1.00

Ā 

1.00

Ā 

ā€ƒMedicare

1.89*

[1.08, 3.29]

Ā Ā 

1.35

[0.71, 2.57]

1.18

[0.59, 2.37]

ā€ƒMedicaid

1.21

[0.72, 2.05]

Ā Ā 

1.31

[0.67, 2.54]

1.29

[0.60, 2.78]

ā€ƒAnother Type

1.30

[0.55, 3.10]

Ā Ā 

1.14

[0.46, 2.85]

1.18

[0.46, 3.00]

Self-Reported Severity of Symptoms

Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā 

ā€ƒMild

1.00

Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā 

1.00

Ā 

ā€ƒModerate

2.30***

[1.55, 3.42]

Ā Ā Ā Ā 

2.23***

[1.46, 3.42]

ā€ƒSevere

4.17***

[2.82, 6.17]

Ā Ā Ā Ā 

3.44***

[2.28, 5.19]

ā€ƒVery severe

19.77***

[10.87,35.97]

Ā Ā Ā Ā 

14.45***

[7.73,27.01]

  1. * pā€‰<ā€‰0.05, ** pā€‰<ā€‰0.01, *** pā€‰<ā€‰0.001
  2. The weighted population size was nā€‰=ā€‰59,837, which reflects the Michigan population with PCR-confirmed COVID-19 who sought care during this period. Model 1 is unadjusted. Model 2 is adjusted for sociodemographic variables (sex, age group, race/ethnicity, education, marital status, and living arrangement). Model 3 is adjusted for sociodemographic variables and health insurance type. Model 4 is adjusted for sociodemographic variables, health insurance type, and self-reported severity of symptoms. Models 2ā€“4 are additionally controlled for survey type (online versus phone) and sample.