Table 3 Impact of COVID-19 on income & food consumption on single female headed HHs

HH Receives Ration

Yes

35.61

64.31

15.27

84.73

No

37.5

62.5

13.63

86.37

p value

0.025

0.613

HH Income Compared to “before pandemic”

Same

39.34

60.66

11.81

88.19

Decreased somewhat

27.10

72.90

12.50

87.50

Completely stopped

37.70

62.30

26.96

73.04

Increased

29.17

70.83

7.94

92.06

p value

0.006

0.000

Ability to save any money after HH monthly expenditure during pandemic

Yes

23.08

76.92

6.90

93.10

No

35.92

64.08

14.33

85.67

p value

0.177

0.112

Perception of Monthly HH Income during pandemic

More than enough

40.00

60.00

14.08

85.92

Enough/adequate

27.95

72.05

2.58

97.42

Not enough

37.03

62.97

17.31

82.69

p value

0.084

0.000

Availed Loans

35.8%

64.2%

14.1%

85.9%

p value

0.94

0.78

Source of loans during pandemic*

Neighbours

38.7

61.30

17.72

86.14

Relatives

33.14

66.86

13.86

86.14

Shop

62.50

37.50

11.54

88.46

Friends

22.86

77.14

5.80

94.20

Money Lender

42.86

57.14

8.33

91.67

Other NGO

37.50

62.50

0.00

0.00

pvalue

0.057

0.315

Effect on food consumption compared to “before pandemic”

It has stayed about same

37.07

62.93

7.93

92.07

It has increased

21.74

78.26

15.22

84.78

It has declined

34.89

65.11

15.51

84.49

pvalue

0.287

0.014

If declined, now consuming less of*

Meat, poultry & fish

34.77

65.23

15.96

84.04

Fruits

37.21

52.79

14.29

85.71

Dark green leafy vegetables

36.09

63.95

19.35

80.65

Milk/Dairy

32.05

67.95

15.73

84.27

Other vegetables

39.78

60.22

20.00

80.00

Eggs

27.55

72.45

17.87

82.13

Fast food/Outdoor food

27.91

72.09

17.65

82.35

Nuts & seeds

33.33

66.67

9.09

90.91

Grains, white roots, tubers & plantains

30.85

69.15

16.13

83.87

Pulses (Beans, peas & lentils)

25.00

75.00

14.29

85.71

pvalue

0.143

0.208