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Table 4 Adjusted associations between household violence and psychosocial wellbeing, overall and by HIV status

From: Associations between psychosocial wellbeing and experience of gender-based violence at community, household, and intimate-partner levels among a cross-sectional cohort of young people living with and without HIV during COVID-19 in Cape Town, South Africa

Variable

Total (N = 534)

YPLWH (N = 214)

YPLWoH (N = 320)

 

Any HV

aOR (95% CI)

HV increased

RRR (95% CI)

HV stayed the same

RRR (95% CI)

Any HV

aOR (95% CI)

HV increased

RRR (95% CI)

HV stayed the same

RRR (95% CI)

Any HV

aOR (95% CI)

HV increased

RRR (95% CI)

HV stayed the same

RRR (95% CI)

COVID-related stressors

Self-isolated most/all the time

0.77 (0.51- 1.15)

1.93 (0.65-5.71)

2.52 (0.81-7.89)

0.83 (0.40- 1.74)

12. 49 (0.24-661.08)

36.86 (1.09-1251.34)*

0.87 (0.51-1.48)

2.73 (0.56-13.40)

2.93 (0.53-16.06)

Less support since lockdown

1.34 (0.85-2.11)

0.47 (0.16-1.35)

0.21 (0.07-0.65)**

1.19 (0.55- 2.61)

0.21 (0.01-5.97)

0.03 (0.00-0.81)*

1.47 (0.82- 2.62)

0.34 (0.08-1.54)

0.22 (0.04-1.12)±

Life lonelier because of COVID-19

1.16 (0.76-1.77)

1.65 (0.57-4.81)

1.35 (0.43-4.22)

0.87 (0.39- 1.97)

22.81 (0.82-631.58)±

1.88 (0.10-36.10)

1.14 (0.67- 2.32)

0.92 (0.21-3.97)

1.20 (0.25 − 5.90)

Moderately/extremely concerned about COVID illness

0.92 (0.59- 1.43)

2.26 (0.77-6.65)

1.73 (0.56-5.35)

0.51 (0.25- 1.02)±

0.22 (0.01-6.42)

0.14 (0.01-2.23)

1.25 (0.68- 2.32)

3.48 (0.85-14.21) ±

5.09 (0.99-26.12)±

Mental health

Common mental disorders

2.91 (1.93–4.39)***

1.07 (0.36-3.15)

0.59 (0.19-1.81)

3.39 (1.56–7.37)**

7.70 (0.35-168.11)

0.91 (0.09-9.46)

3.04 (1.81–5.11)***

0.82 (0.18-3.77)

0.41 (0.08-2.07)

Sociodemographic factors

Age

0.99 (0.90- 1.08)

1.12 (0.88-1.42)

1.12 (0.87-1.44)

0.96 (0.83-1.15)

1.29 (0.63-2.64)

1.64 (0.92-2.94)

1.01 (0.90- 1.14)

0.95 (0.69-1.31)

0.93 (0.66-1.32)

Gender (ref: woman)

1.52 (0.98-2.36)±

1.20 (0.46-3.19)

0.65 (0.22-1.91)

2.04 (0.94- 4.44) ±

58.30 (1.29-2622.88)*

24.29 (0.68-872.92) ±

1.61 (0.91 − 2.90)

0.99 (0.25-3.96)

0.49 (0.10-2.41)

NEET

1.76 (1.04- 3.00)*

2.50 (0.58-10.74)

6.01 (1.31–27.81)*

2.74 (1.05–7.17)**

181.81 (1.31-25256.97)±

61.73 (0.53-7255.57) ±

1.38 (0.71- 2.69)

3.21 (0.48-21.53)

10.23 (1.36–78.99)*

Household type (ref: formal dwelling)

1.09 (0.73- 1.63)

0.70 (0.27-1.84)

0.52 (0.18-1.45)

1.66 (0.79- 3.51)

0.03 (0.00-0.68)±

0.25 (0.03-2.84)

0.90 (0.54- 1.48)

1.27 (0.34-4.76)

0.57 (0.13-2.46)

Food insecurity

1.72 (1.15–2.60)*

1.37 (0.49-3.78)

2.09 (0.70-6.27)

1.29 (0.62- 2.68)

0.06 (0.00-1.75)

0.44 (0.04-4.81)

1.67 (0.97- 2.86) ±

1.93 (0.44-8.46)

3.13 (0.61-15.97)

Sexual partner during lockdown (ref: no partner)

0.95 (0.61- 1.47)

0.63 (0.20-1.92)

0.28 (0.09-0.94)*

0.68 (0.31- 1.54)

0.03 (0.00-2.01)±

0.01 (0.00-0.57)*

0.94 (0.54- 1.63)

1.28 (0.31-5.26)

0.70 (0.15-3.32)

  1. Binomial logistic regression compares any household violence experience to no household violence experience (referent). The multinomial regression compares perceived change in household violence since COVID-19 restrictions (increased, stayed the same) to decreased violence (referent). OR = odds ratio; RRR = relative risk ratio; CI = confidence interval
  2. Common mental disorders refer to the presence of clinically relevant depression or anxiety
  3. NEET = ‘not in education, employment or training’
  4. Significance is indicated as: ***<0.001, **<0.01, *<0.05, ± <0.1
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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