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Table 3 Adjusted relative risk ratios (RRR) of community violence in relation to psychosocial wellbeing, overall and by HIV status

From: Associations between psychosocial wellbeing and experience of gender-based violence at community, household, and intimate-partner levels among a cross-sectional cohort of young people living with and without HIV during COVID-19 in Cape Town, South Africa

Variable

Total (N = 534)

YPLWH (N = 214)

YPLWoH (N = 320)

 

CV increased

CV stayed the same

CV increased

CV stayed the same

CV increased

CV stayed the same

 

RRR (95% CI)

RRR (95% CI)

RRR (95% CI)

RRR (95% CI)

RRR (95% CI)

RRR (95% CI)

COVID-related stressors

Self-isolated most/all the time

1.21 (0.69- 2.14)

1.17 (0.67-2.05)

1.34 (0.54-3.35)

1.40 (0.61- 3.21)

1.41 (0.62- 3.16)

1.75 (0.52- 2.67)

Less support since lockdown

1.50 (0.80-2.83)

0.86 (0.45-1.64)

1.66 (0.64-4.26)

0.74 (0.30-1.81)

1.53 (0.61- 3.16)

0.92 (0.34- 2.48)

Life lonelier because of COVID-19

1.12 (0.62- 2.02)

0.75 (0.45- 1.37)

0.87 (0.33-2.32)

0.72 (0.29-1.81)

1.10 (0.50- 2.43)

0.76 (0.33- 1.71)

Moderately/extremely concerned about COVID illness

0.73 (0.39-1.37)

0.83 (0.44- 1.54)

0.83 (0.34- 2.01)

0.81 (0.36-1.49)

0.45 (0.16- 2.43)

0.76 (0.26- 2.22)

Mental health

Common mental disorders

0.97 (0.55- 1.72)

0.72 (0.41- 1.27)

0.63 (0.25- 1.59)

0.64 (0.27- 1.49)

1.46 (0.64 − 3.30)

0.79 (0.34- 1.83)

Sociodemographic factors

Age

0.98 (0.87-1.09)

0.91 (0.81-1.02)

0.94 (0.79- 1.13)

0.84 (0.71-0.98)*

1.06 (0.89-1.26)

1.02 (0.85- 1.22)

Gender (ref: woman)

0.94 (0.52 − 1.70)

0.80 (0.45-1.44)

1.00 (0.39- 2.55)

0.92 (0.38-2.17)

1.10 (0.46- 2.63)

0.74 (0.29- 1.83)

NEET

1.71 (0.78- 3.66)

1.83 (0.85-3.96)

2.26 (0.70- 7.34)

2.64 (0.83- 8.37)

1.27 (0.43- 3.75)

1.25 (0.41- 3.78)

Household type (ref: formal dwelling)

2.07 (1.12–3.83) *

1.65 (0.90-3.03)

1.77 (0.64- 4.91)

1.91 (0.74- 4.93)

2.05 (0.89-4.69) ±

1.61 (0.69- 3.69)

Food insecurity

1.79 (1.00-3.20)*

1.34 (0.75-2.38)

1.46 (0.57-3.73)

0.91 (0.38- 2.21)

1.84 (0.83- 4.07) ±

1.75 (0.78 − 3.90)

Sexual partner during lockdown (ref: no partner)

2.66 (1.46–4.87)***

1.50 (0.83-2.74)

3.11 (1.17–8.19)*

1.29 (0.51- 3.24)

2.06 (0.89- 4.76) ±

1.54 (0.66- 3.59)

  1. The multinomial regression compares perceived change in community violence (CV) since COVID-19 restrictions (increased, sustained) to decreased violence (referent). RRR = relative risk ratio; CI = confidence interval
  2. Common mental disorders refer to the presence of clinically relevant depression or anxiety
  3. NEET = ‘not in education, employment or training’
  4. Significance is indicated as: ***<0.001, **<0.01, *<0.05, ± <0.1
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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