Associations between psychosocial wellbeing and experience of gender-based violence at community, household, and intimate-partner levels among a cross-sectional cohort of young people living with and without HIV during COVID-19 in Cape Town, South Africa

Table 2 Prevalence of community, household, and intimate partner violence, overall and by HIV status

Variable	Total sample (N = 534), N (%)	YPLWH (N = 214), N (%)	YPLWoH (N = 320), N (%)	p-value
*Community violence (CV)*
Perceived change in CV
Decreased	76 (14.2%)	39 (18.2%)	37 (11.6%)	< 0.001
Stayed the same	193 (36.1%)	84 (39.3%)	109 (34.1%)
Increased	204 (38.2%)	59 (27.6%)	145 (45.3%)
*Household violence (HV)*
Any HV	166 (31.1%)	50 (23.4%)	116 (36.2%)	0.006
Perceived change in any HV (N = 166)
Decreased	25 (15.2%)	12 (24.5%)	13 (11.3%)	0.002
Stayed the same	62 (37.8%)	24 (49.0%)	38 (33.0%)
Increased	77 (47.0%)	13 (26.5%)	64 (55.7%)
*Intimate partner violence* (N = 261)
Any emotional IPV	30 (11.6%)	7 (8.5%)	23 (13.0%)	0.30
Any physical IPV	22 (8.5%)	5 (6.0%)	17 (9.6%)	0.33
Any sexual IPV	13 (5.0%)	2 (2.4%)	11 (6.2%)	0.19
Reproductive coercion	13 (5.0%)	4 (4.8%)	9 (5.1%)	0.93
Any IPV	45 (17.5%)	12 (14.6%)	33 (18.9%)	0.41
Perceived change in any IPV (N = 45)
Decreased	9 (20%)	2 (16%)	7 (21%)	0.92
Stayed the same	13 (28%)	4 (33%)	9 (27%)
Increased	6 (13%)	1 (8%)	5 (15%)

52 participants (9.9%) responded ‘don’t know’ to perceived change in community violence and 9 (1.7%) were missing. Change in household violence was asked among those reporting witnessing any household violence, n = 166, with 2 responding ‘don’t know’. Intimate partner violence was asked of those participants reporting having a sexual partner during lockdown, n = 261, with 4 missing responses. Emotional violence includes restricted contact with family, insults or being made to feel bad, and threats to hurt you or someone you care about. Physical violence includes slapping, hitting, kicking, dragging, pushing, shoving, choking, or burning, as well as threats to use or actual use of a knife or gun. Sexual violence includes both physical force and pressure to have sexual intercourse. Reproductive coercion includes partner-related pressure or forced sex without a condom or birth control in order to get pregnant. Any IPV includes experience of emotional, physical, sexual violence or reproductive coercion. Change in IPV was asked among those reporting witnessing any IPV, n = 45, with 4 participants (12.5%) responding ‘don’t know’ and 13 responses missing

ISSN: 1471-2458