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Table 5 Hospitalization risk association analysis (period 2006–2019) by sex and class of nitrogen oxides (NOx) exposure

From: Cardiorespiratory diseases in an industrialized area: a retrospective population-based cohort study

Cause (ICD-9 code)

Exposure class

MEN

WOMEN

n

HR

1-p

CI95%

n

HR

1-p

CI95%

Diseases of the circulatory system

(390–459)

1 (ref.)

418

   

369

   

2

15

1.15

0.984

1.03–1.30

1,339

1.23

0.999

1.09–1.39

3

409

1.12

0.871

0.97–1.29

343

1.14

0.900

0.98–1.33

4

26

0.87

0.498

0.58–1.30

21

0.93

0.266

0.59–1.44

Trend

 

1.07

0.457

0.86–1.33

 

0.96

0.291

0.75–1.21

Heart diseases

(390–429)

1 (ref.)

280

   

233

   

2

965

1.02

0.249

0.89–1.18

795

1.10

0.751

0.94–1.28

3

262

1.03

0.281

0.86–1.23

204

1.04

0.302

0.85–1.27

4

19

0.99

0.018

0.62–1.59

17

1.26

0.632

0.76–2.07

Trend

 

1.01

0.044

0.76–1.34

 

0.97

0.125

0.71–1.34

Ischemic Heart Diseases (IHD)

(410–414)

1 (ref.)

121

   

76

   

2

466

1.09

0.582

0.88–1.35

248

0.97

0.147

0.74–1.29

3

139

1.24

0.901

0.96–1.61

69

0.95

0.245

0.67–1.34

4

9

1.12

0.249

0.56–2.22

10

2.04

0.961

1.04–4.02

Trend

 

1.19

0.611

0.80–1.76

 

1.42

0.835

0.87–2.34

Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)

(410)

1 (ref.)

51

   

32

   

2

194

1.12

0.499

0.81–1.56

81

0.76

0.776

0.49–1.18

3

65

1.46

0.946

0.99–2.16

29

0.88

0.349

0.52–1.51

4

< 3

   

6

2.48

0.951

1.00-6.12

Trend

nc

    

1.70

0.848

0.82–3.53

Cerebrovascular diseases

(430–438)

1 (ref.)

147

   

147

   

2

569

1.18

0.909

0.97–1.44

569

1.27

0.984

1.04–1.54

3

158

1.19

0.849

0.94–1.50

145

1.16

0.779

0.91–1.48

4

8

0.78

0.493

0.38–1.61

9

0.98

0.049

0.50–1.93

Trend

 

1.07

0.284

0.74–1.55

 

0.89

0.454

0.61–1.3

Diseases of the respiratory system

(460–519)

1 (ref.)

196

   

176

   

2

815

1.18

0.948

1.00-1.39

623

0.99

0.111

0.82–1.18

3

192

1.07

0.456

0.87–1.32

152

0.98

0.117

0.78–1.24

4

19

1.43

0.854

0.88–2.31

6

0.63

0.728

0.28–1.43

Trend

 

1.13

0.555

0.83–1.53

 

0.80

0.728

0.53–1.19

Acute respiratory diseases

(460–466; 480–487)

1 (ref.)

76

   

69

   

2

282

1.08

0.423

0.82–1.42

188

0.73

0.960

0.54–0.99

3

71

1.06

0.269

0.75–1.49

50

0.81

0.702

0.55–1.20

4

8

1.59

0.779

0.76–3.35

< 3

   

Trend

 

1.15

0.422

0.70–1.91

 

0.46

0.948

0.21–1.01

Chronic diseases of the lower respiratory tract (except asthma)

(490–492; 494; 496)

1 (ref.)

31

   

26

   

2

131

1.34

0.830

0.88–2.03

75

0.91

0.306

0.56–1.47

3

31

1.11

0.298

0.66–1.86

25

1.21

0.487

0.68–2.15

4

5

2.27

0.903

0.86-6.00

3

2.37

0.834

0.70–8.04

Trend

 

1.43

0.688

0.71–2.86

 

1.58

0.72

0.69–3.64

Asthma

(495)

1 (ref.)

6

   

5

   

2

14

0.55

0.750

0.20–1.52

17

0.68

0.529

0.23–1.96

3

8

1.09

0.113

0.34–3.52

4

0.82

0.228

0.21–3.22

4

< 3

   

< 3

   

Trend

nc

   

nc

   
  1. Notes – The analyses were performed in the period 2006–2019 and adjusted for age classes, proximity or not to the selected roads and socio-economic deprivation index. ICD9: International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision; n: numerosity; HR: Hazard Ratio; CI95%: Confidence Interval at 95% of probability; 1-p: strength of evidence in favour of an excess/defect of hospitalization risk; Trend: risk trend for 1 µg/m3 NOx increment; 1 (ref.): exposure class 1, reference (0.01–0.27 µg/m3); 2: exposure class 2 (0.27–0.49 µg/m3); exposure class 3 (0.49–1.02 µg/m3); exposure class 4 (1.02–2.47 µg/m3); n.c.: not calculated
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