Fig. 1

Schematic of classification of pregnancies into trimester of earned income tax credit (EITC) refund receipt, for four sample 9-month gestations. EITC eligibility determined by probabilistic using the 2001–2015 waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Pregnancies were classified as being exposed to the EITC in the preconception period (i.e., during the three months before conception), first trimester, second trimester, or third trimester, based on used date of birth and gestational age at birth