Skip to main content

Table 3 Cox proportional Hazard Ratios from models evaluating the association between physical frailty and all-cause mortality. Costa Rica and the United States (weighted estimates)

From: Frailty as a predictor of mortality: a comparative cohort study of older adults in Costa Rica and the United States

 

Costa Rica (n = 1790)

United States (n = 5936)

HRa

95% CI

p-value

HRa

95% CI

p-value

Pre-frail

1.68

1.19–2.39

0.004

1.97

1.52–2.55

< 0.001

Frail

3.13

2.12–4.61

p < 0.001

4.02

3.04–5.33

< 0.001

Age

1.07

1.05–1.08

p < 0.001

1.09

1.08–1.10

< 0.001

Men

1.51

1.23–1.84

p < 0.001

1.51

1.30–1.77

< 0.001

Medium educationb

1.08

0.88–1.33

0.451

0.89

0.76–1.04

0.135

High educationc

0.97

0.66–1.41

0.856

0.76

0.60–0.97

0.028

Economic vulnerabilityd

0.97

0.79–1.18

0.754

1.31

1.08–1.60

0.008

All other race/ethnicity

   

1.65

0.81–3.36

0.162

Pre-frail * all other race

   

0.48

0.23–1.00

0.051

Frail * all other race

   

0.41

0.17–0.95

0.039

Metropolitan zone

1.07

0.88–1.30

0.519

0.93

0.81–1.07

0.286

In union

0.71

0.58–0.87

0.001

0.89

0.79–1.00

0.058

Current smoker

1.51

0.11–2.06

0.008

1.40

1.22–1.60

< 0.001

  1. a Hazard Ratios (HR) estimations are fully adjusted (i.e., adjusted for frailty, age, sex, education level, economic vulnerability, living in a metropolitan zone, marital status, and smoking). US model is also adjusted for race & ethnicity and for interactions between race and frailty
  2. b Medium level of education was defined as incomplete high school for Costa Rican participants, and complete high school or college education without obtaining a degree for the United States participants
  3. c High level of education was defined as complete high school or higher for Costa Rican participants, and bachelor’s degree or higher for the United States participants
  4. d Economic vulnerability was defined as a total income < 100 USD per month per person in 2014 USD for CRELES participants, and as being a recipient of Medicaid for NHATS participants
Back to article page

BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

Contact us