Table 3 Fixed and random-effects multilevel regression analysis of the association between access to basic sanitation facilities and anaemia among women in 27 sub-Saharan African countries

Access to basic sanitation

No

1.00

1.00

Yes

0.82^***[0.80,0.84]

0.94^***[0.91,0.97]

0.95^**[0.93,0.98]

Individual-level factors

Age group (years)

15–24

1.00

25–34

0.97[0.93,1.01]

0.97^*[0.94,1.00]

35–49

1.06^*[1.00,1.11]

1.06^**[1.01,1.10]

Educational level

No education

1.00

Primary

0.86^***[0.83,0.89]

0.88^***[0.84,0.91]

Secondary

0.77^***[0.74,0.80]

0.82^***[0.78,0.85]

Higher

0.67^***[0.61,0.73]

0.73^***[0.67,0.80]

Current union status

Not in a union

1.00

Currently in a union

0.84^***[0.80,0.87]

0.85^***[0.81,0.88]

Currently pregnant

No

1.00

Yes

1.45^***[1.38,1.52]

1.44^***[1.37,1.50]

Currently breastfeeding

No

1.00

Yes

1.08^***[1.05,1.11]

1.07^***[1.03,1.10]

Parity

1

1.00

2

0.985[0.94,1.03]

3

0.969[0.92,1.02]

4+

0.987[0.94,1.04]

Reads newspaper

No

1.00

Yes

1.015[0.98,1.06]

Listens to the radio

No

1.00

1.00

Yes

0.93^***[0.90,0.96]

0.95^***[0.92,0.98]

Covered by health insurance

No

1.00

1.00

Yes

0.90^***[0.85,0.96]

0.92^**[0.86,0.98]

Household-level factors

Sex of household head

Male

1.00

Female

1.03[0.99,1.07]

Wealth

Poorest

1.00

Poorer

0.96[0.92,1.01]

Middle

0.93^**[0.88,0.97]

Richer

0.87^***[0.83,0.92]

Richest

0.83^***[0.79,0.88]

Random-effects results

PSU variance [95% CI]

0.18[0.15,0.21]

0.18[0.15,0.21]

0.11[0.09,014]

0.11[0.09,0.13]

ICC

0.05

0.05

0.03

0.03

Wald χ²

Reference

205.55

6063.35

6111.25

Model fit

Log- likelihood

-68799.051

-68695.807

--65349.12

-65319.68

AIC

137602.1

137397.6

130784.2

130727.4

Number of observations

100,861

100,861

100,861

100,861

Number of clusters

1327

1327

1327

1327