Table 4 Multivariate Ordered Probit (Coefficients) Model regressing Life Satisfaction on Predictor Variables Factors (individual-, household- and community-level) by Gender among Migrants in South Africa, 2009–2021

Life satisfaction (outcome variable)

Gender

Male

Female

‒

‒

‒

‒

‒

‒

‒

‒

RC

0.05

RC

(0.02 ‒ 0.08)

Age (in years)

18‒27

28‒37

38‒47

48⁺

RC

0.02

0.03

1.18

RC

(0.08 ‒ 0.05)

(0.05 ‒ 0.10)

(0.11 ‒ 1.26) *

RC

0.00

0.00

1.17

RC

(0.05 ‒ 0.06)

(0.06 ‒ 0.07)

(0.11 ‒ 1.20) *

RC

0.01

0.01

2.18

RC

(0.05 ‒ 0.04)

(0.04 ‒ 0.06)

(1.13 ‒ 3.23) *

Education

No education

Primary

Secondary/Higher

RC

0.11

1.08

RC

(0.04 ‒ 0.25)

(0.06 ‒ 1.22) *

RC

0.15

1.11

RC

(0.03 ‒ 0.26)

(0.00 ‒ 1.23) *

RC

0.13

1.10

RC

(0.04 ‒ 0.22)

(0.01 ‒ 1.19) *

Population Group

Black African

Non-Black African

RC

1.27

RC

(0.17 ‒ 1.36) *

RC

1.30

RC

(0.20 ‒ 1.39) *

RC

1.28

RC

(0.21 ‒ 1.35) *

Respondents’ income

No income

Low (R1 ‒ R12,800)

Middle (R12,801 ‒ R25,600)

High (R25,601⁺)

RC

0.24

1.51

1.53

RC

(0.15 ‒ 0.33)

(0.39 ‒ 1.64) *

(0.39 ‒ 1.67) *

RC

0.14

1.38

1.50

RC

(0.05 ‒ 0.23)

(0.26 ‒ 1.51) *

(0.35 ‒ 1.65) *

RC

0.19

1.45

1.51

RC

(0.12 ‒ 0.25)

(0.36 ‒ 1.54) *

(0.41 ‒ 1.61) *

Employment

Not working

Working

RC

1.05

RC

(0.00 ‒ 1.10) *

RC

1.02

RC

(0.03 ‒ 1.06)

RC

1.03

RC

(0.00 ‒ 1.07)

Health insurance cover

No

Yes

RC

1.14

RC

(0.06 ‒ 1.24) *

RC

1.13

RC

(0.05 ‒ 1.21)

RC

1.13

RC

(0.08 ‒ 1.19) *

Healthcare service usage

Public

Private

Both public and private

RC

0.13

0.04

RC

(0.18 ‒ 0.08) *

(0.04 ‒ 0.13)

RC

0.14

0.01

RC

(0.19 ‒ 0.09) *

(0.10 ‒ 0.07)

RC

0.14

0.01

RC

(0.17 ‒ 0.10) *

(0.05 ‒ 0.08)

Household-level factors

No. of persons living in H/H

1

2

3

4⁺

RC

1.03

0.06

0.07

RC

(0.04 ‒ 1.09)

(0.02 ‒ 0.15)

(0.02 ‒ 0.16)

RC

1.06

0.00

0.04

RC

(0.01 ‒ 1.13)

(0.09 ‒ 0.08)

(0.12 ‒ 0.05)

RC

1.05

0.03

0.01

RC

(0.50 ‒ 1.10) *

(0.03 ‒ 0.09)

(0.05 ‒ 0.07)

No. of persons under 18 in H/H

0

1

2

3

4

5+

RC

1.21

1.20

0.17

0.13

0.26

RC

(1.13 ‒ 0.29) *

(0.09 ‒ 1.31) *

(0.04 ‒ 0.29) *

(0.01 ‒ 0.26)

(0.07 ‒ 0.45) *

RC

1.22

1.31

0.33

0.29

0.28

RC

(0.12 ‒ 1.32) *

(0.19 ‒ 1.42)

(0.21 ‒ 0.45) *

(0.16 ‒ 0.42)

(0.13 ‒ 0.42) *

RC

1.21

2.26

0.26

0.22

0.24

RC

(1.15 ‒ 1.27) *

(0.18 ‒ 2.34)

(0.18 ‒ 0.34) *

(0.13 ‒ 0.31)

(0.13 ‒ 0.35) *

Not enough money to feed children

No

Yes

No children in the household

RC

0.49

0.04

RC

(0.57 ‒ 0.41) *

(0.02 ‒ 0.10)

RC

0.45

0.11

RC

(0.501 ‒ 0.40) *

(0.04 ‒ 0.17) *

RC

0.46

0.07

RC

(0.51 ‒ 0.42) *

(0.03 ‒ 0.11) *

Receiving SASSA social grant

No

Yes

RC

0.02

RC

(0.05 ‒ 0.08)

RC

0.01

RC

(0.06 ‒ 0.04)

RC

0.00

RC

(0.04 ‒ 0.04)

Community-level factors

Type of dwelling

Formal

Informal

RC

0.40

RC

(0.46 ‒ 0.35) *

RC

0.42

RC

(0.46 ‒ 0.37) *

RC

0.41

RC

(0.45 ‒ 0.38) *

Migrant status

Internal

International

RC

1.12

RC

(0.06 ‒ 1.17) *

RC

1.12

RC

(0.06 ‒ 1.18) *

RC

2.12

RC

(0.08 ‒ 2.16) *