Fig. 1

Adjusted mean of change in muscle mass index according to change in sleep duration (reduction, maintenance, or extension) and quality (good or poor at baseline periods and good or poor at follow-up periods). Adjusted means (95% confidence interval (CI)) of change in predicted appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (pAMI). Adjusted mean were calculated using linear regression analysis after adjusting for the sleeping duration at baseline, age, sex, income level, history of depression, calorie intake, protein intake, fat intake, body mass index, follow-up duration, drinking status, smoking status, and physical activity. *p-value < 0.05