Table 3 Descriptive analysis of cognitive and non-cognitive abilities: comparisons between different types of students
|  | Overall | Nonboarders | Boarders | Nonboarders—Boarders | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|  | N | Mean | N | Mean | N | Mean | Difference in mean | P-value | Effect size (Cohen’s d) |
| Â | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) |
Cognitive ability | |||||||||
 WISC-IV scores | 472 | 88.258 | 243 | 87.070 | 229 | 89.520 | -2.450** | 0.015 | -0.225 |
 Fluid Intelligence | 472 | 8.472 | 243 | 8.296 | 229 | 8.659 | -0.363** | 0.019 | -0.217 |
 Crystal intelligence | 472 | 7.928 | 243 | 7.745 | 229 | 8.122 | -0.377 | 0.112 | -0.147 |
 Similarities | 472 | 7.928 | 243 | 7.745 | 229 | 8.122 | -0.377 | 0.112 | -0.147 |
 Digit span | 472 | 8.117 | 243 | 7.984 | 229 | 8.258 | -0.274 | 0.236 | -0.109 |
 Coding | 472 | 9.71 | 243 | 9.712 | 229 | 9.707 | 0.005 | 0.984 | 0.002 |
 Matrix Reasoning | 472 | 7.591 | 243 | 7.193 | 229 | 8.013 | -0.820*** |  < 0.001 | -0.372 |
 Raven's IQ | 2503 | 93.641 | 1363 | 93.691 | 1140 | 93.582 | 0.109 | 0.877 | 0.006 |
 Math scores of 2016 | 5188 | .02 | 2816 | -0.004 | 2372 | 0.049 | -0.053* | 0.055 | -0.053 |
Non-cognitive ability | |||||||||
 Extraversion | 5166 | 3.349 | 2802 | 3.329 | 2364 | 3.372 | -0.042*** | 0.007 | -0.076 |
 Agreeableness | 5166 | 3.739 | 2802 | 3.758 | 2364 | 3.716 | 0.042*** | 0.005 | 0.078 |
 Conscientiousness | 5166 | 3.279 | 2802 | 3.280 | 2364 | 3.277 | 0.003 | 0.861 | 0.005 |
 Neuroticism | 5166 | 2.913 | 2802 | 2.904 | 2364 | 2.924 | -0.020 | 0.261 | -0.031 |
 Openness | 5166 | 3.411 | 2802 | 3.409 | 2364 | 3.413 | -0.004 | 0.815 | -0.007 |
 Grit scores | 5166 | 3.349 | 2809 | 3.385 | 2369 | 3.380 | 0.005 | 0.748 | 0.009 |