Table 4 Studies regarding exposure to fumigants and hypothyroidism
From: Exposure to pesticides and the risk of hypothyroidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors (year) | Study site/Study design | Population | Sample size | Type of hypothyroidism | Outcome assessment | Source of exposure | Exposure assessment | Name of pesticides | Findings OR/HR (95%CI) | Confounding variables |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Goldner et al. (2010) [27] | USA/ Cohort study | Female spouses of pesticide applicators | 15,600 -Hypothyroid ism (1,114) -No disease (14,486) | Any hypothyroidism | Self-reported history of physician diagnosis | Occ | Interview | Carbon tetrachloride/carbon disulfide Methylbromide | OR = 1.4 (0.93, 2.2) OR = 1.6 (0.92,2.8) | Education, age, smoking status, body mass index, hormone replacement therapy |
Goldner et al. (2013) [28] | USA/ Cohort study | Male esticide applicators | 21,788 -Hypothyroidism (461) -No disease (21,327) | Any hypothyroidism | Self-reported history of physician diagnosis | Occ | Interview | Brom-O-Gas Aluminium phosphate Carbon tetrachloride/carbon disulfide Ethylene dibromide | OR = 0.81 (0.6, 1.09) OR = 0.92 (0.59, 1.44) OR = 1.19 (0.84, 1.68) OR = 1.02 (0.62, 1.67) | Body mass index, age, education |
Lerro et al. (2017) [30] | USA/ Cohort study | Male pesticide applicators | 679 -Hypothyroidism (127) -No disease (552) | Subclinical hypothyroidism | Laboratory | Occ | Interview | Carbon tetrachloride/carbon disulfide Methyl bromide | OR = 1.08 (0.29, 4.08) OR = 0.45 (0.11, 1.81) | Age, state, body mass index, smoking status, correlated pesticides |
Shrestha et al. (2018)a [20] | USA/ Cohort study | Pesticide applicators | 34,879 -Hypothyroidism (829) -No disease (34,050) | Any hypothyroidism | Self-reported history of physician diagnosis | Occ | Interview | Carbon tetrachloride/carbon disulfide Aluminium phosphide (age ≤ 62) Aluminium phosphide (age > 62) Ethylene bromide Methyl bromide | HR = 1.00 (0.76,1.32) HR = 0.96 (0.63, 1.46) HR = 1.26(0.79, 2.04) HR = 0.79 (0.52, 1.20) HR = 0.96(0.76, 1.21) | Sex, education, state, smoking status |