Table 3 Studies regarding exposure to fungicides and hypothyroidism
From: Exposure to pesticides and the risk of hypothyroidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors (year) | Study site/Study design | Population | Sample size | Type of hypothyroidism | Outcome assessment | Source of exposure | Exposure assessment | Name of pesticides | Findings OR/HR (95%CI) | Confounding variables |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Goldner et al. (2010) [27] | USA/ Cohort study | Female spouses of pesticide applicators | 15,600 -Hypothyroidism (1,114) -No disease (14,486) | Any hypothyroidism | Self-reported history of physician diagnosis | Occ | Interview | Benomyl Captan Chlorothalonil Maneb/mancozeb Metalaxyl | OR = 3.1 (1.9, 5.1)a OR = 1.1 (0.73, 1.7) OR = 1.6 (0.92, 2.9) OR = 2.2 (1.5, 3.3)a OR = 1.4 (0.83, 2.3) | Education, age, smoking status, body mass index, hormone replacement therapy |
Goldner et al. (2013) [28] | USA/ Cohort study | Male esticide applicators | 21,788 -Hypothyroidism (461) -No disease (21,327) | Any hypothyroidism | Self-reported history of physician diagnosis | Occ | Interview | Benomyl Captan Maneb/mancozeb Metalaxyl Ziram | OR = 1.1 3(0.83, 1.52) OR = 0.89 (0.6, 1.32) OR = 1.27 (0.98, 1.66) OR = 0.66 (0.5, 0.85) OR = 0.57(0.21, 1.53) | Body mass index, age, education |
Lerro et al. (2017) [30] | USA/ Cohort study | Male pesticide applicators | 679 -Hypothyroidism (127) -No disease (552) | Subclinical hypothyroidism | Laboratory | Occ | Interview | Captan Metalaxyl | OR = 1.89 (0.87, 4.11) OR = 0.60 (0.19, 1.92) | Age, state, body mass index, smoking status, correlated pesticides |
Shrestha et al. (2018)a [20] | USA/ Cohort study | Pesticide applicators | 34,879 -Hypothyroidism (829) -No disease (34,050) | Any hypothyroidism | Self-reported history of physician diagnosis | Occ | Interview | Benomyl Captan Chlorothalonil Maneb/mancozeb Matalaxyl | HR = 0.93 (0.72,1.21) HR = 0.91 (0.73, 1.14) HR = 0.92 (0.69, 1.24) HR = 0.95 (0.73, 1.23) HR = 0.91 (0.75, 1.11) | Sex, education, state, smoking status |
Shrestha et al. (2018)b [21] | USA/ Cohort study | Spouses of private pesticide applicators | 23,561 -Hypothyroidism (1,627) -No disease (21,934) | Any hypothyroidism | Self-reported history of physician diagnosis | Occ | Interview | Metalaxyl | HR = 1.82 (1.25, 2.66)a | Education, state, smoking status, correlated pesticides |