Table 2 Studies regarding exposure to herbicides and hypothyroidism

Goldner et al. (2010) [27]

USA/ Cohort study

Female spouses of applicators

15,600

-Hypothyroidism (1,114)

-No disease (14,486)

Any hypothyroidism

Self-reported history of physician diagnosis

Occ

Interview

2,4-D

2,4,5-T

Alachlor

Atrazine

Butylate

Chlorimuron-ethyl

Cyanazine

Dicamba

EPTC

Glyphosate

Imazatapyr

Metolachlor

Metribuzin

Paraquat

Pendimethalin

Petroleum oil

Trifluralin

OR = 0.96 (0.80, 1.1)

OR = 1.01 (0.46, 2.2)

OR = 0.83 (0.59, 1.2)

OR = 0.84(0.61, 1.2)

OR = 0.98 (0.56,1.7)

OR = 1.0 (0.63, 1.7)

OR = 0.69 (0.44, 1.1)

OR = 0.66(0.45, 0.98)

OR = 0.75 (0.40, 1.4)

OR = 1.0 (0.91, 1.2)

OR = 0.84 (0.55, 1.3)

OR = 0.66 (0.43, 1.0)

OR = 1.1 (0.69, 1.7)

OR = 1.8 (1.1, 2.8)^a

OR = 0.93 (0.59, 1.5)

OR = 1.1 (0.76, 1.5)

OR = 1.1 (0.80, 1.4)

Education, age, smoking status, body mass index, hormone replacement therapy

Goldner et al. (2013) [28]

USA/ Cohort study

Male pesticide applicators

21,788

-Hypothyroidism (461)

-No disease (21,327)

Any hypothyroidism

Self-reported history of physician diagnosis

Occ

Interview

2,4-D

2,4,5-T

2,4,5-TP

Alachlor

Atrazine

Butylate

Chlorimuron-ethyl

Cyanazine

Dicamba

EPTC

Glyphosate

Imazetapyr

Metolachlor

Metribuzin

Paraquat

Pendimethalin

Petroleum oil

Trifluralin

OR = 1.35 (1.04, 1.76)^a

OR = 1.38 (1.12, 1.69)^a

OR = 1.39 (1.06, 1.82)^a

OR = 1.24 (1.02, 1.50)^a

OR = 0.99 (0.80, 1.22)

OR = 0.98 (0.81, 1.19)

OR = 0.85 (0.70, 1.04)

OR = 1.13 (0.94, 1.36)

OR = 1.37 (1.13, 1.66)^a

OR = 1.19 (0.96, 1.48)

OR = 1.18 (0.94, 1.49)

OR = 0.95 (0.79, 1.15)

OR = 1.14(0.95, 1.38)

OR = 1.07 (0.89, 1.29)

OR = 1.11 (0.9, 1.38)

OR = 0.86 (0.71,1.04)

OR = 1.23 (1.02, 1.48)^a

OR = 1.11 (0.92, 1.34)

Body mass index, age, education

Lerro et al. (2017) [30]

USA/ Cohort study

Male pesticide applicators

679

-Hypothyroidism (127)

-No disease (552)

Subclinical hypothyroidism

Laboratory

Occ

Interview

Pendimethalin

Trifluralin

Butylate

EPC

2,4-D

2,4,5-T

Atrazine

Cyanazine

Metribuzin

Alachlor

Metolachlor

Chlorimuron-ethyl

Dicamba

Glyphosate

Imazethapyr

Petroleum oil

OR = 2.78 (1.30, 5.95)^a

OR = 1.09 (0.55, 2.17)

OR = 1.78 (0.74, 4.28)

OR = 2.05 (0.91, 4.63)

OR = 0.80 (0.40, 1.58)

OR = 2.10 (0.78, 5.71)

OR = 1.16 (0.49, 2.78)

OR = 1.26 (0.61, 2.61)

OR = 0.73 (0.27, 1.95)

OR = 0.99 (0.48, 2.01)

OR = 1.44 ( 0.72, 2.88)

OR = 1.45 (0.60, 3.50)

OR = 1.06 (0.57, 1.98)

OR = 1.21 (0.66, 2.24)

OR = 1.54 (0.81, 2.95)

OR = 0.97 (0.35, 2.69)

Age, state, body mass index, smoking status, correlated pesticides

Shrestha et al. (2018)^a [20]

USA/ Cohort study

Pesticide applicators

34,879

-Hypothyroidism (829)

-No disease (34,050)

Any hypothyroidism

Self-reported history of physician diagnosis

Occ

Interview

Alachlor

Butylate

Chlorimuron ethyl

Dicamba

EPTC

Glyphosate

Imazetapyr

Metolachlor

Paraquat

Pendimethalin

Petroleum oil (age ≤ 62)

Petroleum oil (age > 62)

Trifularin

2,4-D

2,4,5-T

2,4,5-TP

Atrazine (age ≤ 62)

Atrazine (age > 62)

Cyanzine

Metribuzin

HR = 1.05(0.91,1.22)

HR = 1.09(0.94,1.27)

HR = 0.93(0.80,1.08)

HR = 1.27(1.08,1.50)^a

HR = 1.08(0.91,1.29)

HR = 1.28(1.07,1.52)^a

HR = 1.01(0.86,1.18)

HR = 0.98(0.85,1.13)

HR = 0.91(0.76,1.10)

HR = 0.90(0.78,1.04)

HR = 0.92(0.76,1.11)

HR = 1.21(0.97,1.51)

HR = 1.11(0.95,1.30)

HR = 1.30(1.07,1.58)^a

HR = 1.06(0.90,1.24)

HR = 1.11(0.89,1.39)

HR = 0.89(0.72,1.11)

HR = 1.18(0.91,1.51)

HR = 1.09(0.93,1.27)

HR = 1.02(0.88,1.19)

Sex, education, state, smoking status

Shrestha et al. (2018)^b [21]

USA/ Cohort study

Spouses of private pesticide applicators

23,561

-Hypothyroidism (1,627)

-No disease (21,934)

Any hypothyroidism

Self-reported history of physician diagnosis

Occ

Interview

Alachlor

Butylate

Chlorimuron ethyl

Dicamba

EPTC

Glyphosate

Imazethapyr

Metolachlor

Pendimethalin

Trifluralin

2,4-D

Atrazine

Cyanazine

Metribuzin

HR = 1.15(0.83,1.59)

HR = 0.75(0.43,1.32)

HR = 0.89(0.55,1.44)

HR = 1.17(0.85,1.60)

HR = 0.70(0.37,1.30)

HR = 1.07(0.95,1.20)

HR = 0.63(0.40,0.97)

HR = 0.72(0.48,1.08)

HR = 1.77(1.19,2.62)^a

HR = 1.15(0.87,1.52)

HR = 0.90(0.77,1.05)

HR = 0.99(0.71,1.05)

HR = 0.84(0.55,1.27)

HR = 1.04(0.64,1.69)

Education, state, smoking status, correlated pesticides