Table 1 Studies regarding exposure to insecticides and hypothyroidism

Goldner et al. (2010) [27]

USA/ Cohort study

Female spouses of applicators

15,600

-Hypothyroidism (1,114)

-No disease (14,486)

Any hypothyroidism

Self-reported history of physician diagnosis

Occ

Interview

OC

Organochlorines

Aldrin

Chlordane

DDT

Heptachlor

Lindane

OR = 1.2 (1.0, 1.6)^a

OR = 1.3 (0.64, 2.4)

OR = 1.3 (0.99, 1.7)

OR = 1.2 (0.85, 1.6)

OR = 1.2 (0.66, 2.3)

OR = 1.5 (0.93, 2.4)

Education, age, smoking status, body mass index, hormone replacement therapy

OP

Organophosphates

Chlorpyrifos

Coumaphos

Diazinon

Dichlorvos

Fonofos

Malathion

Phorate

Parapthion

Terbufos

OR = 1.1 (0.94, 1.2)

OR = 1.0 (0.74, 1.4)

OR = 1.0 (0.57, 1.9)

OR = 1.1 (0.86, 1.3)

OR = 0.60 (0.37, 0.97)

OR = 0.99 (0.60, 1.6)

OR = 1.1 (0.92, 1.3)

OR = 0.86 (0.51, 1.4)

OR = 1.0(0.53, 2.0)

OR = 1.0 (0.70, 1.5)

CAR

Carbamates

Carbaryl

Carbofuran

OR = 1.0(0.88,1.1)

OR = 1.0(0.88,1.2)

OR = 1.0(0.59,1.6)

PYR

Permethrin (crops)

OR = 0.6 (0.4, 1.1)

Goldner et al. (2013) [28]

USA/ Cohort study

Male pesticide applicators

21,788

-Hypothyroid ism (461)

-No disease (21,327)

Any hypothyroidism

Self-reported history of physician diagnosis

Occ

Interview

OC

Aldrin

Chlordane

DDT

Dieldrin

Heptachlor

Lindane

Toxaphene

OR = 1.09 (0.88, 1.36)

OR = 1.36 (1.12, 1.66)^a

OR = 1.25 (1.0, 1.56)

OR = 1.04 (0.76, 1.42)

OR = 1.3 (1.04, 1.62)^a

OR = 1.35 (1.1, 1.66)^a

OR = 1.35 (1.07, 1.7)^a

Body mass index, age, education

OP

Chlorpyrifos

Coumaphos

Diazinon

Dichlorvos

Fonofos

Malathion

Parathion

Phorate

Terbufos

Trichlorfon

OR = 1.12 (0.93, 1.34)

OR = 1.24 (0.93, 1.67)

OR = 1.24 (1.02, 1.5)^a

OR = 1.26 (0.97, 1.64)

OR = 1.08 (0.87,1.33)

OR = 1.29 (1.03, 1.62)^a

OR = 1.2 (0.94,1.52)

OR = 1.05 (0.87, 1.27)

OR = 1.01 (0.83, 1.22)

OR = 2.19 (0.95, 5.03)

CAR

Aldicarb

Carbaryl

Carbofuran

OR = 0.99 (0.72, 1.37)

OR = 1.08 (0.89, 1.31)

OR = 1.31 (1.08, 1.59)^a

PYR

Permethrin (crops)

Permethrin (animals)

OR = 1.19 (0.92, 1.55)

OR = 1.14 (0.88, 1.48)

Wei et al. (2016) [29]

USA/ cross-sectional study

Adolescents (12–19 yrs.)

618

-Hypothyroidism (16)

-No disease (602)

Overt hypothyroidism

Laboratory

Env

Blood

OC

2,5-DCP

2,4-DCP

OR = 12.86 (1.39, 118.64)^a

OR = 0.46 (0.02, 9.41)

Age, sex, race, ethnicity, poverty status, body mass index, physical activity, serum cotinine, urinary iodine, urinary creatinine

Lerro et al. (2017) [30]

USA/ Cohort study

Male pesticide applicators

679

-Hypothyroidism (127)

-No disease (552)

Subclinical hypothyroidism

Laboratory

Occ

Interview

OC

Aldrin

Chlordane

DDT

Heptachlor

OR = 4.76 (1.53, 14.8)^a

OR = 1.80(0.57, 5.73)

OR = 0.85(0.26, 2.81)

OR = 0.63(0.16, 2.46)

Age, state, body mass index, smoking status, correlated pesticides

OP

Chlorpyrifos

Diazinon

Fonofos

Malathion

Phorate

Terbufos

OR = 0.71 (0.36, 1.41)

OR = 1.88 (0.68, 5.17)

OR = 1.09 (0.52, 2.31)

OR = 1.50 (0.69, 3.27)

OR = 1.10 (0.47, 2.58)

OR = 0.95 (0.51, 1.78)

CAR

Carbaryl

Carbosulfan

OR = 0.77 (0.27, 2.23)

OR = 1.58 (0.81, 3.02)

PYR

Permethrin

OR = 1.14(0.54, 2.39)

Shrestha et al. (2018)^a [20]

USA/ Cohort study

Pesticide applicators

34,879

-Hypothyroidism (829)

-No disease (34,050)

Any hypothyroidism

Self-reported history of physician diagnosis

Occ

Interview

OC

Aldrin (age ≤ 62)

Aldrin (age > 62)

Chlordane

DDT (age ≤ 62)

DDT (age > 62)

Dieldrin (age ≤ 62)

Dieldrin (age.62)

Heptachlor (age ≤ 62)

Heptachlor (age > 62)

Lindane (age ≤ 62)

Lindane (age > 62)

Toxaphene (age ≤ 62)

Toxaphene (age > 62)

HR = 0.87 (0.65, 1.17)

HR = 1.28 (1.02, 1.60)^a

HR = 1.21 (1.04,1.41)^a

HR = 0.84 (0.64, 1.12)

HR = 1.18 (0.95, 1.47)

HR = 0.95 (0.59, 1.51)

HR = 1.22 (0.93,1.60)

HR = 0.80 (0.58, 1.11)

HR = 1.3 5(1.07, 1.70)^a

HR = 1.01 (0.80, 1.28)

HR = 1.54 (1.23, 1.94)^a

HR = 0.78 (0.56, 1.07)

HR = 1.14 (0.89, 1.46)

Sex, education, state, smoking status

OP

Chlorpyrifos

Coumaphos (age ≤ 62)

Coumaphos (age > 62)

Diazinon

Dichlorvos

Fonofos

Malathion

Parathion

Phorate

Terbufos

HR = 1.02 (0.89, 1.18)

HR = 0.88 (0.63, 1.24)

HR = 1.44 (1.06, 1.95)^a

HR = 1.27 (1.10,1.48)^a

HR = 1.42 (1.17, 1.72)^a

HR = 1.15(0.97, 1.36)

HR = 1.23 (1.04, 1.46)^a

HR = 1.18 (0.97, 1.42)

HR = 1.02 (0.88, 1.19)

HR = 1.14 (0.98, 1.32)

CAR

Aldicarb

Carbaryl

Carbofuran

HR = 0.76 (0.58, 1.01)

HR = 1.13 (0.97, 1.32)

HR = 1.1 2(0.97, 1.31)

PYR

Permethrin (animals)

Permethrin (crops)

HR = 1.20(0.99, 1.46)

HR = 1.19(0.98, 1.46)

Shrestha et al. (2018)^b [21]

USA/ Cohort study

Spouses of private pesticide applicators

23,561

-Hypothyroidism (1,627)

-No disease (21,934)

Any hypothyroidism

Self-reported history of physician diagnosis

Occ

Interview

OC

Aldrin

Heptachlor

HR = 1.55 (0.88, 2.72)

HR = 0.7 7(0.41, 1.47)

Education, state, smoking status, correlated pesticides

OP

Chlorpyrifos

Fonofos

Malathion

Phorate

Terbufos

HR = 1.28 (0.96, 1.71)

HR = 0.74 (0.46, 1.20)

HR = 1.08 (0.94, 1.24)

HR = 0.64 (0.41, 1.01)

HR = 0.87 (0.59, 1.30)

CAR

Carbaryl

Carbofuran

OR = 1.02 (0.90, 1.15)

OR = 0.97 (0.62, 1.54)

Londoño

et al. (2018) [31]

Columbia/Cross-sectional study

Agricultural workers

819

-Hypothyroidism (10)

-No disease (809)

Overt hypothyroidism

Laboratory

Occ

Blood

OC

Lindane

Heptachlor

Beta-BHC

Delta-BHC

Endosulfan1

Cis-chlordane

Trans-chlordane

Endrin

OR = 0.3 (0.03, 2.1)

OR = 1.1 (0.3, 4.0)

OR = 0.3 (0.06, 1.3)

OR = 6.8 (1.8, 57.6)^a

OR = 9.9 (1.1, 86.2)^a

OR = 4.0 (0.5, 32.7)

OR = 9.8 (1.1, 86.2)^a

OR = 0.8(0.2,2.8)

Sex, age, sociodemographic data

Subclinical hypothyroidism

Lindane

Heptachlor

Aldrin

Beta-BHC

Delta-BHC1

Endosulfan1

Cis-chlordane

Trans-chlordane

4,4’-DDE

Endrin

4,4’-DDT

Endosulfan sulfate

Methoxichlor

OR = 1.3 (0.7, 2.3)

OR = 1.7 (1.0, 3.2)^a

OR = 1.1 (0.3, 3.7)

OR = 1.4 (0.8, 2.5)

OR = 2.4 (0.5, 10.8)

OR = 6.2 (1.6, 24.8)^a

OR = 3.1 (1.0, 9.4)^a

OR = 3.6 (0.7, 17.2)

OR = 3.8 (1.6, 9.2)^a

OR = 1.4 (0.8, 2.5)

OR = 2.2 (0.7, 6.3)

OR = 2.8 (0.6, 13.3)

OR = 2.8 (0.3, 24.4)

Suhartono et al. (2018) [19]

Indonesia/Cross-sectional study

School-aged children (8–10 yrs.)

66

-Hypothyroidism (24)

-No disease

(42)

Subclinical hypothyroidism

Laboratory

Env

Interview

OP

Organophosphates

PR = 2.4 (1.4, 4.3)^a

-

Dufour et al. (2020) [32]

Belgium/Case–control study

Patients diagnosed for autoimmune thyroid pathologies

195

-Hypothyroidism (35)

-No disease

(160)

Overt hypothyroidism

physician diagnosis

Env

Blood

4,4’-DDT

OR = 4.47 (0.96, 20.8)

Age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, delay between sampling and start of the recruitment