Table 1 Population characteristics by quartiles of waist-calf circumference ratio
Characteristics | Waist-calf circumference ratio | P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1(≤ 2.44) | Q2(2.44—≤ 2.67) | Q3(2.67—≤ 2.93) | Q4(> 2.93) | ||
No. of participants | 1159 (25.0) | 1210 (26.2) | 1102 (23.8) | 1156 (25.0) | Â |
Age (year), mean (SD) | 82.12 ± 9.63 | 82.69 ± 9.52 | 85.37 ± 9.92 | 88.70 ± 10.28 | < 0.001 |
Female, no. (%) | 472 (40.7) | 523 (43.2) | 589 (53.4) | 836 (72.3) | < 0.001 |
Married, no. (%) | 572 (49.4) | 605 (50.0) | 450 (40.8) | 344 (29.8) | < 0.001 |
Urban area, no. (%) | 484 (41.8) | 512 (42.3) | 461 (41.8) | 491 (42.5) | 0.98 |
Education (year), no. (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
 0 | 548 (47.3) | 591 (48.8) | 618 (56.1) | 816 (70.6) |  |
  ≥ 1 | 611 (52.7) | 619 (51.2) | 484 (43.9) | 340 (29.4) |  |
Smoking status, no. (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
 Never | 763 (65.8) | 790 (65.3) | 804 (73.0) | 918 (79.4) |  |
 Current | 226 (19.5) | 248 (20.5) | 155 (14.1) | 127 (11.0) |  |
 Former | 170 (14.7) | 172 (14.2) | 143 (13.0) | 111 (9.6) |  |
Drinking status, no. (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
 Never | 815 (70.3) | 846 (69.9) | 825 (74.9) | 955 (82.6) |  |
 Current | 223 (19.2) | 219 (18.1) | 168 (15.2) | 130 (11.2) |  |
 Former | 121 (10.4) | 145 (12.0) | 109 (9.9) | 71 (6.1) |  |
Regular exercise, no. (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
 Never | 775 (66.9) | 779 (64.4) | 778 (70.6) | 850 (73.5) |  |
 Current | 339 (29.2) | 384 (31.7) | 296 (26.9) | 247 (21.4) |  |
 Former | 45 (3.9) | 47 (3.9) | 28 (2.5) | 59 (5.1) |  |
Intake of fruit, no. (%) | 0.99 | ||||
 Never | 290 (25.0) | 299 (24.7) | 272 (24.7) | 276 (23.9) |  |
 Occasionally | 720 (62.1) | 747 (61.7) | 687 (62.3) | 722 (62.5) |  |
 Almost daily | 149 (12.9) | 164 (13.6) | 143 (13.0) | 158 (13.7) |  |
Intake of vegetables, no. (%) | 0.02 | ||||
 Never | 25 (2.2) | 30 (2.5) | 42 (3.8) | 45 (3.9) |  |
 Occasionally | 467 (40.3) | 454 (37.5) | 441 (40.0) | 479 (41.4) |  |
 Almost daily | 667 (57.5) | 726 (60.0) | 619 (56.2) | 632 (54.7) |  |
Intake of meat, no. (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.11 |
 Never | 60 (5.2) | 71 (5.9) | 87 (7.9) | 86 (7.4) |  |
 Occasionally | 646 (55.7) | 682 (56.4) | 608 (55.2) | 652 (56.4) |  |
 Almost daily | 453 (39.1) | 457 (37.8) | 407 (36.9) | 418 (36.2) |  |
Intake of fish, no. (%) | 190 (16.4) | 195 (16.1) | 183 (16.6) | 223 (19.3) | 0.16 |
 Never | 190 (16.4) | 195 (16.1) | 183 (16.6) | 223 (19.3) |  |
 Occasionally | 897 (77.4) | 928 (76.7) | 832 (75.5) | 842 (72.8) |  |
 Almost daily | 72 (6.2) | 87 (7.2) | 87 (7.9) | 91 (7.9) |  |
Waist circumference (cm), mean (SD) | 75.50 ± 9.20 | 81.30 ± 9.35 | 83.39 ± 9.82 | 84.43 ± 9.94 | < 0.001 |
Calf circumference (cm), mean (SD) | 34.07 ± 4.34 | 31.74 ± 3.68 | 29.84 ± 3.59 | 25.96 ± 3.97 | < 0.001 |
Body mass index (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 21.63 ± 3.47 | 21.91 ± 3.55 | 22.07 ± 3.66 | 21.47 ± 3.79 | < 0.001 |
Hypertension, no. (%) | 360 (31.1) | 409 (33.8) | 388 (35.2) | 392 (33.9) | 0.20 |
Heart disease, no. (%) | 155 (12.3) | 161 (13.0) | 167 (13.5) | 142 (11.4) | 0.54 |
Diabetes mellitus, no. (%) | 48 (4.1) | 68 (5.6) | 66 (6.0) | 59 (5.1) | 0.22 |
Cerebrovascular diseases, no. (%) | 103 (8.9) | 100 (8.3) | 85 (7.7) | 80 (6.9) | 0.35 |
Respiratory disease, no. (%) | 121 (10.4) | 154 (12.7) | 116 (10.5) | 141 (12.2) | 0.20 |
Cancer, no. (%) | 10 (0.9) | 11 (0.9) | 9 (0.8) | 9 (0.8) | 0.99 |