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Table 2 Community services needed and received (of those who expressed a need) during the final year of PCAP, by race/ethnicity among 1,704 participants with exit data. Dichotomous variables are expressed as percentages while continuous variables are expressed as means (SDs)

From: Evaluating outcomes of a three-year case management program for mothers with prenatal substance use according to race/ethnicity, Washington State, 2006–2017

 

Total

N in

Analysis

American

Indian/

Alaska

Native

N = 329

Asian/

Pacific Islander

N = 40

African American/

Black

N = 126

Hispanic/

Latino

N = 166

White

N = 1,043a

Overall

% or

Mean

(SD)b

Childcare/daycare

       

    Expressed need

1,676

44.4% ↓

59.0%

57.3%

58.4% ↑

50.8%

51.0%*

    Service received

855

84.0%

100.0%

91.5%

81.4%

87.5%

86.9%

Family healthcare provider

       

    Expressed need

1,604

90.3%

86.8%

93.3%

92.5%

92.4%

92.0%

    Service received

1,475

99.6%

100.0%

100.0%

98.6%

98.8%

99.1%

Mental health

       

    Expressed need

1,688

64.8%

68.4%

68.8%

62.4%

61.1%

62.7%

    Service received

1,058

67.0%

57.7%

60.5%

48.5% ↓

64.0%

62.7%*

Family planning, birth control

       

    Expressed need

1,685

59.1%

56.4%

55.2%

70.9% ↑

57.1%

58.7%*

    Service received

989

71.4%

77.3%

62.3%

72.6%

69.8%

70.1%

Alcohol/drug support group

       

    Expressed need

1,689

61.0%

64.1%

65.6%

66.7%

61.2%

62.1%

    Service received

1,049

77.4%

60.0% ↓

79.3%

64.5% ↓

81.7% ↑

78.4%***

Domestic violence support

       

    Expressed need

1,686

19.0%

17.9%

24.0%

27.1%

20.9%

21.3%

    Service received

359

53.2%

42.9%

53.3%

46.7%

54.4%

52.9%

Public housing

       

    Expressed need

1,683

63.8%

66.7%

77.6%

67.3%

68.1%

67.9%

    Service received

1,142

55.3%

57.7%

54.6%

62.2%

51.1%

53.4%

Emergency housing

       

    Expressed need

1,688

22.9%

25.6%

27.2%

27.7%

21.0%

22.6%

    Service received

381

52.0%

30.0%

38.2%

34.8%

45.4%

44.4%

Legal services

       

    Expressed need

1,687

32.8%

33.3%

52.0% ↑

33.1%

34.9%

35.6%**

    Service received

600

82.2%

76.9%

72.3%

61.8%

70.6%

72.2%

Total Number service needs (of nine)

1,691

4.5 (1.9)

4.7 (1.8)

↑ 5.2**(1.7)

↑ 5.0*(2.0)

4.6 (1.9)

4.7 (1.9)

Total Number services received (of nine)

1,691

3.4 (1.6)

3.4 (1.6)

↑ 3.7*(1.4)

3.4 (1.6)

3.4 (1.6)

3.4 (1.6)

Ratio of services received to services needed

1,691

0.77 (0.25)

0.77 (0.27)

0.74 (0.22)

↓ 0.72*(0.28)

0.77 (0.25)

0.76 (0.25)

  1. aFor comparisons of means the reference group is White. For tests of association there is no comparison group (expected values are based upon the marginals)
  2. bFisher-Freeman-Halton Exact Test (categorical variables) or t-test of individual regression coefficients (continuous variables)
  3. ↑↓ (1) Means of groups that are significantly different from those of the White participants (indicated by regression results) and (2) Percentages (as indicated by adjusted standardized residuals, treated as post hoc tests) that are significantly different from expected values (judging by two-sided exact tests) are in bold font marked by a ↑ symbol (higher value) or a ↓ symbol (lower value)
  4. p < .05; ⁎⁎p < .01; ⁎⁎⁎p < .001