Table 1 Maternal demographics, history, psychiatric and prenatal substance use characteristics, and service needs self-reported at intake, among each racial/ethnic group (N = 3,165). Dichotomous variables are expressed as percentages while continuous variables are expressed as means (SDs)

Rural Site

3,165

45.7%

38.1%

27.6% ↓

64.1% ↑

49.4%

48.0%^***c

Maternal social history

    Education (years completed)

3,163

↓11.0 (1.7)^***

11.2 (1.5)

11.2 (1.8)

↓10.7 (2.0)^***

11.3 (1.7)

11.2 (1.7)

    Usually employed in past 3 years

3,146

22.6%

37.7% ↑

25.5%

20.3%

22.0%

22.5%^*

    Number of children^d (not including index child)

3,160

↑1.8 (1.7)^***

1.3 (1.6)

↑1.7^⁎(1.6)

↑2.0 (1.6)^***

1.4 (1.4)

1.6 (1.5)

    Number of biologic children living with participant

3,160

0.4 (0.9)

0.4 (0.8)

0.4 (0.9)

↑0.6 (1.1)^***

0.3 (0.7)

0.4 (0.8)

    Child welfare involved (during own childhood)

3,152

36.2% ↑

19.4%

26.2%

17.7% ↓

21.1% ↓

24.4%^***

    One or both parents had alcohol/drug problems

3,144

93.4% ↑

68.3% ↓

85.9%

84.5%

86.7%

87.4%^***

    Own mother drank while pregnant with participant

2,455

23.0% ↑

1.9% ↓

12.4%

9.3% ↓

11.9% ↓

13.8%^***

    Ever incarcerated (since age 18)^e

3,148

81.2% ↑

66.7%

80.0%

76.4%

72.4% ↓

75.1%^***

    How many times incarcerated (since age 18)?

3,148

↑8.2 (14.0)^***

4.9 (8.8)

↑8.5 (16.4)^***

5.7 (11.4)

5.5 (10.1)

6.3 (11.8)

Lifetime psychiatric symptoms

    Depression

3,155

75.7%

79.4%

80.5%

69.6% ↓

77.0%

76.3%^*

    Anxiety

3,156

72.0% ↓

77.8%

82.4% ↑

64.8% ↓

78.2%

76.0%^***

    Hallucinations

3,156

13.5%

6.3%

19.1% ↑

13.2%

12.0%

12.9%^*

    Violent behavior

3,155

45.2%

38.1%

50.2% ↑

42.6%

40.5% ↓

42.4%^*

    Suicidal thoughts

3,154

38.1%

46.0%

47.3% ↑

35.3% ↓

42.1%

41.1%^*

Substance use during pregnancy

    Any alcohol

2,986

47.8% ↑

41.3%

49.2% ↑

39.9%

37.8% ↓

41.1%^***

    Binge alcohol (≥ 4 drinks per occasion)

2,957

32.5% ↑

22.2%

29.8%

22.9%

22.2% ↓

25.1%^***

    Heroin

2,929

28.5%

26.2%

21.9% ↓

24.5% ↓

33.4% ↑

30.4%^***

    Other illicit opiates

2,934

38.2% ↑

39.3%

29.8%

26.5% ↓

35.3%

34.7%^**

    Cocaine

2,910

20.3% ↑

12.7%

32.1% ↑

15.4%

12.5% ↓

16.0%^***

    Methamphetamine

3,000

51.9% ↓

49.2%

47.5% ↓

68.4% ↑

61.6% ↑

58.8%^***

    Cannabis

2,991

49.8%

52.4%

58.0%

43.8% ↓

54.9% ↑

53.0%^**

    Nicotine

3,017

81.2%

77.8%

80.9%

67.4% ↓

85.1% ↑

82.1%

Self-reported service needs at intake

    Mental health care (participant)

3,154

72.6%

77.8%

79.3%

65.1% ↓

77.3% ↑

75.3%^***

    Public housing

3,153

72.6%

73.0%

82.4% ↑

62.5% ↓

75.6% ↑

74.2%^***

    Emergency housing

3,153

39.5%

31.7%

46.9% ↑

31.3% ↓

41.5%

40.3%^**