Table 1 Characteristics of included studies
From: Association between physical activity and body posture: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Study | Participant | Geographic region | Sex | PA measurement | Postural measurement | Method | Study design | Main outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Juskeliene et al., 1996 [42] | 791 children aged 6–7 years | Lithuania | 417 boys 374 girls | Researcher-Made Questionnaire | Objectively And using posture grid and plumb line | Logistic regression | Cohort study | Physical activity was found to be associated with trunk asymmetry |
Silman et al., 1997 [22] | 600 subjects aged 15 years and more | 19 European countries | 300 men, 300 women | European Vertebral Osteoporosis Study (EVOS) Questionnaire | McCloskey/Kanis method | Multiple logistic regression | Cross sectional study | Regular walking in middle-aged and elderly women is associated with a reduced risk of vertebral deformity. By contrast, heavy levels of physical activity in early and middle adult life are associated with an increased risk in men |
Ismail et al., 2000 [43] | 6937 men from 50–54 years to 75–79 years | 19 countries | Only men | EVOS Questionnaire | McCloskey algorithm | Logistic regression | Cross sectional study | Very heavy activity is associated with single/dual vertebral deformity |
Latalski et al., 2013 [44] | 380 children aged 14 | Poland and Czech Republic | 175 girls (46.1%) and 205 boys (53.9% | Self-Designed Auditory Questionnaire | Self-Designed Auditory Questionnaire | Chi-square test | Cross sectional study | There is a relationship between physical activity of the child and the occurrence of postural deformity |
Araújo et al., 2014 [45] | 489 adults aged 18 years or more | Portugal | 311 females, 178 males | European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) physical activity Questionnaire | -Radiographic measurements -Individual parameters assessment -Postural patterns | Multinomial logistic regression | Cross sectional study | Total and leisure time physical activity were not clearly associated with sagittal posture. However, subjects in the two highest thirds of total physical activity could be protected from nonneutral postural patterns, even though non significantly |
Batistão et al., 2016 [46] | 288 students between 6 and 15 years | Brazil | 59.4% (n = 171) were female N = 117 male | Researcher-Made Questionnaire | Qualitative assessment (observation) | Logistic regression | Cross-sectional correlational study | Thoracic hyperkyphosis and lumbar hyperlordosis were not associated with any of the analyzed factors Physical activity was significantly associated with lower lower prevalence of valgus knees |
Fernani et al., 2017 [47] | 100 college students with an average age of 19.38 ± 1.71 years | Brazil | 82 females, 18 males | International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF) | Instrumento de Avaliação Postural (IAP) | Chi-square, Pearson correlation test, Spearman correlation test | Cross sectional study | Postural Alterations Are Presented in Students Who Were Regularly Active |
Balko et al., 2017 [48] | 50 schoolchildren with 10–11-year-old | Czech Republic | 25 boys 25 girls | Researcher-Made Questionnaire | Jaroš and Lomíček test and a Saehan metallic Goniometer | Chi-square test | Cross sectional study | Schoolchildren who were less physically active during the week fell into the poor posture category |
Poschl et al., 2019 [49] | 100 voluntary students between 14 and 17 years of age (mean age 16.0 ± 0.7 years) | Turkey | N = 49 females N = 51 males | International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF) | New York Posture Rating Test and symmetrigraph | Spearman Correlation | Cross sectional study | Relationship between physical activity level and posture disorders in adolescents |
Sidlauskiene et al., 2019 [50] | 532 children, aged from 11 to 14 years | Lithuania | N = 288 girls N = 244 boys | Youth Physical Activity Questionnaire (YPAQ) | Hoeger visual posture assessment method | The Pearson’s and Spearman’s correlation coefficients | Cross sectional study | The teenagers with low physical activity had poorer posture |
Tobias et al., 2019 [51] | 3861 between self-reported physical activity at age 11 years and onset of scoliosis by age 15 years | UK | NA | Questionnaire based on The Denver developmental screening test/Measured objectively via Actigraphy | Measure scoliosis by DXA | Logistic regression | Prospective Cohort study | Those children who maintained more moderate/ vigorous physical activity were 30% less likely to have developed scoliosis by age 15 |
Asadi-Melerdi et al., 2020 [35] | 346 sixth grade students selected from 10 elementary schools (11–12 years) | Iran | NA | International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF) | Flexible ruler | Pearson correlation test and linear regression model | Cross sectional study | Physical activity levels were also correlated with the sagittal head angle, and kyphosis |
Golalizadeh et al., 2020 [52] | 400 female high school students (14 to 18 years old) | Iran | Only female | International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ) | -Scoliometer -Debrunner kyphometer -Flexible ruler - Directly studied for genu varum/valgum -Posture grid for assessment asymmetric shoulder | Logistic regression | Cross sectional study | There was no statistically significant association between scoliosis, kyphosis, asymmetric shoulders, and genu varum disorders and physical activity |
De Assis et al., 2021 [53] | 156 schoolchildren, with an average age of 13.9 years (Between 12 and 17 years old) | Brazil | 86(55.1%) being female and 70 (44.9%) males | International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF) | Adams test | Logistic regression | An observational, retrospective case control study | Low physical activity and irregularly active individuals showed an association with scoliosis in schoolchildren |
Koumantakis et al., 2021 [54] | 112 healthy young adults with median (IQR) age of 20 years (18.2–22 years) | Greece | 66 females 46 males | Researcher-Made Questionnaire | Mobile phone application (iHandy level) | Pearson's bivariate correlations | Cross-sectional correlational study | Neither physical inactivity nor leisure time sport activity was related to lumbopelvic posture in participants of this study |
Bertoncello et al., 2021 [55] | 840 schoolchildren aged 6–12 years | Brazil | 477 females, 363 males | Researcher-Made Questionnaire | Corlett And Bishop Body Map Questionnaire | Chi square test | Cross sectional study | Physical activity is a protection factor for postural alteration |
Jandrić and Kragulj, 2021 [56] | 212 adolescents with range of 10 to 14 years | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 164 girls and 48 boys | Questionnaire [57] | Visual screening (Adams bending's test) | Pearson's test of correlation | Cross sectional study | No significant association of scoliosis with the domain and parameters of physical activity |
Scaturro et al., 2021 [58] | 428 students aged between 11 and 14 years old | Italy | 200 females and 228 males | Self-Administered Questionnaire | Adam’s Test, Bunnel’s inclinometer | Logistic regression | Cross sectional study | Unclear association of Physical activity and Scoliosis |
Sarvari et al., 2022 [59] | 150 high school students aged 13 to 15 years | Iran | Only men | Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (PAQ-A) | Image J software, Spinal Mouse Device, Objective | Correlation and Structural Equation Modelling | Descriptive correlational study | Physical activity was significantly correlated to forward head posture, kyphosis and lumbar lordosis |