Table 1 Characteristics of studies selected for inclusion
Authors | Study setting | Sample size | Demographic | Study design |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Abebe et al., 2021 [21] | Ethiopia | 483 | Adults | Case control |
Alasauskas et al., 2020 [22] | Lithuania | 51,235 | Children aged 7 – 17 years | Cross-sectional |
Apichainan et al., 2022 [23] | Thailand | 658 | Children aged 6 – 10 years | Cross-sectional |
Brown et al., 2012 [24] | US | 224 | Children aged 6 – 17 years | Cross-sectional |
Bukalasa et al., 2018 [25] | The Netherlands | 1,473 | Children aged 14Â years | Cross-sectional |
Delfino et al., 2014 [26] | US | 11,390 | Children aged 0 – 18 years | Case-crossover |
Hartley et al., 2022 [27] | US | 617 | Children aged 0 – 7 years | Prospective cohort |
Hsieh et al., 2019 [28] | Taiwan | 7,040 | Children age under 18Â years | Case control |
Hughes et al., 2017 [29] | US | 33,201 | Children aged 6 – 17 years | Cross-sectional |
Hwang et al., 2012 [30] | Korea | 1,819 | Children aged 6 – 13 years | Cross-sectional |
Keet et al., 2015 [31] | US | 23,065 | Children aged 5—19 years | Cross-sectional |
Keet et al., 2017 [32] | US | 16,860,716 | Children aged 6 – 17 years | Cross-sectional |
Kim et al., 2022 [33] | US | 16,167 | Adults and children aged 1—13 years | Cross-sectional |
Knibbs et al., 2018 [7] | Australia | 4,144,024 | Children up to 14Â years | Comparative risk assessment |
Kutzora et al., 2019 [34]a | Germany |  | Children aged 5 – 7 years | Time series |
Lai et al., 2018 [35] | Australia | 88 | Adults | Cross-sectional |
Liu et al., 2020 [36] | China | 9,597 | Children aged 3 – 6 years | Cross-sectional |
Mazenq et al., 2017 [37] | France | 6,250 | Adults and children aged 3 years +  | Case–control |
McDaniel et al., 2020 [38] | US | 4,522 | Children up to 18Â years | Cross-sectional |
Mehta et al., 2018 [39] | US | 9,554 | Adults | Cross-sectional |
Mendy et al., 2019 [40] | US | 6,488 | Adults and children | Cross-sectional |
Middleton et al., 2014 [41] | Greece | 5,817 | Children aged 15 – 17 years | Cross-sectional |
Norback et al., 2014 [42] | Sweden | 7,554 | Adults | Cross-sectional |
Nriagu et al., 2012 [43] | US | 1,206 | Children up to 12Â years | Cross-sectional |
Oshikata et al., 2021 [44] | Japan | 337 | Adults and children aged 15 years+  | Cohort |
Schmidt et al., 2014 [45] | US | 2,829 | Children aged 2 – 19 years | Randomised controlled trial |
Sudan et al., 2017 [46] | Denmark | 92,676 | Children from gestation—7 years | Cohort |
Sun & Sundell, 2013 [47] | US | 2,819 | Children aged 1 – 8 years | Cross-sectional |
Svendsen et al., 2018 [48] | US | 5,210 | Children aged 9 – 11 years | Cross-sectional |
Tieskens et al., 2021 [49] | US | 10,000 | Children aged 5Â years | Simulation |
Wang et al., 2013 [50] | China | 4,618 | Children aged 2 – 7 | Cross-sectional |
Wang et al., 2017 [51] | Sweden | 1,160 | Adults | Cross-sectional |
Wang et al., 2019 [52] | China | 40,279 | Children | Cross-sectional |