Table 3 Dietary intakes of study participants

Energy (Kcal)

2882 ± 781

2530 ± 829

0.001

2594 ± 842

2880 ± 723

2750 ± 639

3277 ± 700

0.01

2271 ± 730

2569 ± 471

2544 ± 597

3102 ± 682

< 0.001

Macronutrients

  Protein (g/day)

95 ± 25

108 ± 158

0.22

82 ± 23

96 ± 22

93 ± 18

109 ± 24

0.001

144 ± 331

94 ± 15

96 ± 23

111 ± 23

0.28

  Carbohydrate (g/day)

462 ± 137

415 ± 128

0.005

421 ± 154

457 ± 131

438 ± 99

524 ± 125

0.04

368 ± 165

422 ± 82

380 ± 118

492 ± 104

< 0.001

  Fiber (g/day)

19 ± 7

20 ± 11

0.38

14 ± 5

17 ± 3

20 ± 4

25 ± 8

< 0.001

18 ± 11

21 ± 8

21 ± 10

26 ± 7

< 0.001

  Fats (g/day)

78 ± 30

70 ± 35

0.07

67 ± 31

78 ± 26

74 ± 30

89 ± 29

0.06

61 ± 49

62 ± 21

73 ± 32

84 ± 29

< 0.001

Micronutrients

  Iron (mg/day)

28 ± 10

40 ± 223

0.40

26 ± 10

28 ± 8

25 ± 6

30 ± 11

0.41

108 ± 470

20 ± 7

17 ± 7

25 ± 9

0.09

  Calcium (mg/day)

1246 ± 414

1159 ± 489

0.11

934 ± 269

1220 ± 351

1221 ± 201

1614 ± 398

< 0.001

995 ± 623

1075 ± 159

1278 ± 512

1398 ± 313

< 0.001

  Riboflavin (mg/day)

2 ± 1

2 ± 1

0.71

1.8 ± 0.49

2.±0.6

2 ± 0.4

3 ± 0.8

< 0.001

2 ± 0.6

2.4 ± 0.4

2.5 ± 0.6

2.7 ± 0.5

< 0.001

  Vit A (IU/day)

2255 ± 1706

1701 ± 1454

0.004

1237 ± 843

1934 ± 1011

2946 ± 2100

3117 ± 1888

< 0.001

1109 ± 598

1532 ± 855

1446 ± 1034

2929 ± 2150

< 0.001

  Vit E (IU/day)

7 ± 4

7 ± 5

0.43

5 ± 4

7 ± 3

9 ± 3

9 ± 4

0.005

5 ± 3

6 ± 3

10 ± 8

8 ± 3

< 0.001

  Thiamin (mg/day)

2 ± 0.7

2.3 ± 0.8

0.11

2 ± 0.6

2 ± 0.7

2 ± 0.4

3 ± 0.7

0.01

2 ± 0.5

2 ± 0.6

2 ± 0.8

3 ± 0.6

< 0.001

  Niacin (mg/day)

28 ± 9

2 ± 9

0.50

26 ± 9

29 ± 8

26 ± 7

31 ± 9

0.22

25 ± 7

29 ± 6

25 ± 9

32 ± 8

< 0.001

  Folate (mcg/day)

384 ± 139

351 ± 133

0.06

319 ± 140

366 ± 129

395 ± 102

458 ± 133

0.003

300 ± 89

361 ± 94

378 ± 110

433 ± 107

< 0.001

  Vitamin C (mg/day)

144 ± 70

138 ± 66

0.45

85 ± 34

129 ± 38

158 ± 32

208 ± 76

< 0.001

97 ± 29

127 ± 30

151 ± 63

197 ± 63

< 0.001

HEI-2010 food groups

  Whole grain (g/day)

5 ± 14

19 ± 20

≤ 0.001

18 ± 31

49 ± 101

44 ± 66

88 ± 126

0.04

71 ± 72

128 ± 103

135 ± 95

153 ± 140

< 0.001

  Refined grains (g/day)

586 ± 192

576 ± 194

0.69

562 ± 174

581 ± 224

542 ± 127

552 ± 202

0.94

537 ± 170

659 ± 246

409 ± 181

606 ± 195

< 0.001

  Total fruit (g/day)

363 ± 208

354 ± 181

0.67

187 ± 103

322 ± 116

401 ± 147

557 ± 203

< 0.001

242 ± 89

308 ± 91

351 ± 156

517 ± 233

< 0.001

  Whole Fruits (g/day)

369 ± 214

352 ± 182

0.47

168 ± 103

278 ± 95

370 ± 131

505 ± 203

< 0.001

224 ± 123

298 ± 112

279 ± 127

514 ± 266

< 0.001

  Vegetables (g/day)

364 ± 153

338 ± 176

0.53

230 ± 78

315 ± 70

415 ± 114

468 ± 160

< 0.001

225 ± 59

290 ± 89

340 ± 84

508 ± 223

< 0.001

  Dairy (g/day)

501 ± 237

424 ± 224

0.01

246 ± 149

340 ± 170

379 ± 196

606 ± 229

< 0.001

219 ± 98

323 ± 113

384 ± 91

482 ± 202

< 0.001

  Total protein foods (g/day)

98 ± 39

101 ± 44

0.52

68 ± 34

67 ± 36

65 ± 41

65 ± 41

0.65

49 ± 57

42 ± 22

56 ± 25

68 ± 40

0.02

  Sea food and plant protein (g/day)

70 ± 33

89 ± 45

< 0.001

54 ± 21

59 ± 16

74 ± 25

91 ± 45

< 0.001

65 ± 20

79 ± 19

93 ± 54

100 ± 48

0.05

  Empty calories (g/day)

141 ± 112

100 ± 78

≤ 0.001

138 ± 116

115 ± 63

148 ± 158

147 ± 84

0.79

166 ± 135

137 ± 100

112 ± 114

99 ± 81

0.18