Table 1 General characteristics of study participants
From: The association between diet quality and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a case-control study
Characteristics | Cases (n = 84) | Control (n = 252) | P-value | Quartiles of HEI-2010 score | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cases | Control | ||||||||||||||
Q1 (n = 27) | Q2 (n = 16) | Q3 (n = 16) | Q4 (n = 25) | P-value | Q1 (n = 57) | Q2 (n = 68) | Q3 (n = 68) | Q4 (n = 59) | P-value | ||||||
Age, y | 57 ± 12 | 55 ± 12 | 0.2 | 57 ± 13 | 59 ± 10 | 55 ± 15 | 56 ± 12 | 0.86 | 52 ± 13 | 52 ± 11 | 59 ± 12 | 56 ± 11 | 0.004 | ||
Gender | Male | 75 (89) | 225 (89) | 1 | 24 (32) | 14 (18) | 13 (17) | 24 (32) | 0.51 | 47 (21) | 64 (28) | 63 (28) | 51 (23) | 0.12 | |
Female | 9 (11) | 27 (11) | 1 | 3 (33) | 2 (22) | 3 (33) | 1 (11) | 10 (37) | 4 (14) | 5 (18) | 8 (29) | ||||
Positive pulmonary disease history | 33 (39) | 16 (6) | < 0.001 | 12 (36) | 8 (24) | 4 (12) | 9 (27) | 0.46 | 4 (25) | 2 (12) | 0 | 10 (62) | 0.13 | ||
Married | 76 (90) | 220 (87) | 0.05 | 25 (33) | 14 (18) | 14 (18) | 23 (30) | 0.04 | 48 (22) | 61 (28) | 58 (26) | 53 (24) | 0.42 | ||
Educateda | 31 (18) | 141 (82) | 0.002 | 9 (29) | 2 (6) | 6 (19) | 14 (45) | 0.04 | 34 (24) | 44 (31) | 32(23) | 31 (22) | 0.18 | ||
Owning a car | 44 (52) | 51 (20) | < 0.001 | 10 (22) | 6 (14) | 9 (20) | 19 (43) | 0.02 | 11 (21) | 9 (18) | 6 (12) | 25 (49) | < 0.001 | ||
Owning a home | 68 (81) | 76 (30) | < 0.001 | 20 (29) | 13 (19) | 14 (21) | 21 (31) | 0.7 | 13 (17) | 15 (20) | 21 (28) | 27 (36) | 0.01 | ||
Employed | 18 (21) | 29 (11) | < 0.001 | 7 (39) | 5 (28) | 1 (5) | 5 (28) | 0.42 | 6 (20) | 10 (34) | 7 (24) | 6 (21) | < 0.001 | ||
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.6 ± 4.8 | 25.5 ± 5 | 0.87 | 24 ± 4 | 26 ± 6 | 26 ± 4 | 26 ± 6 | 0.48 | 25 ± 3 | 26 ± 4 | 25 ± 3 | 26 ± 4 | 0.22 | ||
Physical activity (MET-min/wk) | 5284.8 ± 8097 | 10727.2 ± 6709.9 | < 0.001 | 5892 ± 8781 | 5499 ± 10,480 | 4899 ± 5979 | 4736 ± 7165 | 0.96 | 11,514 ± 5500 | 12,896 ± 6090 | 8948 ± 7264 | 9516 ± 7105 | 0.002 | ||
Smoking Status | Active smoker | 48 (57) | 104 (41) | < 0.001 | 13 (27) | 7 (15) | 8 (16) | 20 (41) | 0.05 | 28 (27) | 33 (32) | 22 (21) | 21 (20) | < 0.001 | |
Ex-smoker | 0 | 51 (20) | < 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 (29) | 18 (35) | 14 (27) | 4 (8) | ||||
Non-smoker | 36 (43) | 77 (30) | < 0.001 | 14 (39) | 9 (25) | 8 (22) | 5 (14) | 12 (16) | 17 (22) | 14 (18) | 34 (44) | ||||
Using waterpipe | 4 (5) | 10 (4) | 0.024 | 1 (25) | 1 (25) | 1 (25) | 1 (25) | 0.56 | 4 (40) | 2 (20) | 1 (10) | 3 (30) | < 0.001 | ||
Passive smoker | 14 (17) | 10 (4) | < 0.001 | 5 (36) | 3 (21) | 3 (21) | 3 (21) | 0.9 | 3 (30) | 1 (10) | 1 (10) | 5 (50) | < 0.001 | ||