Table 1 Distribution of selected characteristics of 495 parent–child pairsa
Variable | Â | 6Â months | P | 12Â months | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Â | Non-eczema | Eczema | Â | Non-eczema | Eczema | Â |
Maternal age (years) |  ≤ 25 | 32(11.9) | 35(15.5) | 0.230 | 26(12.4) | 41(14.3) | 0.480 |
|  | 26–30 | 117(43.5) | 106(46.9) |  | 90(43.1) | 133(46.5) |  |
|  |  ≥ 30 | 120(44.6) | 85(37.6) |  | 93(44.5) | 112(39.2) |  |
Ethnicity of pregnant women | Han | 236(87.7) | 183(81.0) | 0.038 | 186(89.0) | 233(81.5) | 0.022 |
| Â | Others | 33(12.3) | 43(19.0) | Â | 23(11.0) | 53(18.5) | Â |
Maternal BMI before pregnancy (kg/m2) |  < 18.5 | 49(18.2) | 26(11.5) | 0.023 | 42(20.1) | 33(11.5) | 0.003 |
|  | 18.5–24.0 | 169(62.8) | 138(61.1) |  | 132(63.2) | 175(61.2) |  |
|  |  > 24.0 | 51(19.0) | 62(27.4) |  | 35(16.7) | 78(27.3) |  |
Family income per month (RMB) |  < 5000 | 44(16.4) | 33(14.6) | 0.709 | 36(17.2) | 41(14.3) | 0.239 |
|  | 5000–10000 | 210(78.1) | 177(78.3) |  | 164(78.5) | 223(78.0) |  |
|  |  > 10,000 | 15(5.6) | 16(7.1) |  | 9(4.3) | 22(7.7) |  |
Maternal education |  ≤ High school | 62(23.0) | 58(25.7) | 0.499 | 45(21.5) | 75(26.2) | 0.229 |
| Â | College or higher | 207(77.0) | 168(74.3) | Â | 164(78.5) | 211(73.8) | Â |
Passive smoking during pregnancy | Yes | 79(29.4) | 66(29.2) | 0.968 | 59(28.2) | 86(30.1) | 0.657 |
Stressful life events during pregnancy | Yes | 29(10.8) | 33(14.6) | 0.201 | 19(9.1) | 43(15.0) | 0.048 |
Parental positive history of allergy | Yes | 56(20.8) | 70(31.0) | 0.010 | 45(21.5) | 81(28.3) | 0.087 |
Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy | Yes | 191(71.0) | 168(74.3) | 0.408 | 146(69.9) | 213(74.5) | 0.255 |
Folic acid supplementation during pregnancy | Yes | 237(88.1) | 201(88.9) | 0.772 | 181(86.6) | 257(89.9) | 0.262 |
Docosahexaenoic acids supplementation during pregnancy | Yes | 103(38.3) | 89(39.4) | 0.804 | 73(34.9) | 119(41.6) | 0.132 |
Multivitamin/mineral supplementation during pregnancy | Yes | 174(64.7) | 142(62.8) | 0.669 | 136(65.1) | 180(62.9) | 0.625 |
Cesarean | Yes | 170(63.2) | 138(61.1) | 0.626 | 132(63.2) | 176(61.5) | 0.714 |
Infant birth season | Spring | 91(33.8) | 76(33.6) | 0.015 | 69(33.0) | 98(34.3) | 0.015 |
| Â | Summer | 59(21.9) | 40(17.7) | Â | 51(24.4) | 48(16.8) | Â |
| Â | Autumn | 57(21.2) | 74(32.7) | Â | 42(20.1) | 89(31.1) | Â |
| Â | Winter | 62(23.0) | 36(15.9) | Â | 47(22.5) | 51(17.8) | Â |
Characteristics at postnatal assessment | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
One or more older siblings | Yes | 77(28.6) | 44(19.5) | 0.018 | 61(29.2) | 60(21.0) | 0.036 |
Infant`s sex | Male | 130(48.3) | 129(57.1) | 0.052 | 106(50.7) | 153(53.5) | 0.541 |
Birth weight (kg) |  | 3.31 ± 0.40 | 3.38 ± 0.40 | 0.063b | 3.30 ± 0.40 | 3.37 ± 0.41 | 0.040b |
Gestational age (weeks) |  | 38.84 ± 1.11 | 38.80 ± 1.00 | 0.621b | 38.84 ± 1.17 | 38.81 ± 0.98 | 0.787b |
Feeding patterns within 4Â months | Breast-feeding | 136(50.6) | 116(51.3) | 0.880 | 102(48.8) | 150(52.4) | 0.541 |
| Â | Formula-feeding | 54(20.1) | 48(21.2) | Â | 42(20.1) | 60(21.0) | Â |
| Â | Mixed feeding | 79(29.4) | 62(27.4) | Â | 65(31.1) | 76(26.6) | Â |
Vitamin D supplementation for infants | Yes | 205(76.2) | 176(77.9) | 0.661 | 159(76.1) | 222(77.6) | 0.687 |
Infant history of passive smoking | Yes | 120(44.6) | 100(44.2) | 0.936 | 87(41.6) | 133(46.5) | 0.281 |