Table 1 Percentage and adjusted odds ratios for self-rated poorer mental health according to the pandemic period

n

3471

314

172

716

All

74.3

6.7

3.7

15.3

ACE

0

80.9

4.9

2.4

11.8

Ref

Count

1

76.4

5.7

3.3

14.6

0.94 (0.67–1.32)

1.32 (0.85–2.05)

1.11 (0.89–1.39)

2–3

65.3

8.8

5.0

20.8

1.44 (1.04–2.01)

2.20 (1.42–3.38)

1.64 (1.30–2.06)

 ≥ 4

51.6

14.3

8.9

25.2

***

2.36 (1.66–3.36)

4.36 (2.81–6.77)

2.11 (1.62–2.76)

Trusted

0

50.5

16.8

5.8

26.8

Ref

Family

1

63.9

11.8

3.8

20.5

0.61 (0.35–1.05)

0.48 (0.21–1.10)

0.61 (0.39–0.94)

Members (n)

 ≥ 2

76.5

5.7

3.6

14.2

***

0.37 (0.23–0.60)

0.42 (0.21–0.83)

0.41 (0.28–0.60)

Trusted

0

64.0

14.3

2.8

19.0

Ref

Friends (n)

1

62.1

13.2

3.7

21.0

0.90 (0.57–1.41)

1.23 (0.54–2.78)

1.05 (0.72–1.53)

 ≥ 2

76.6

5.3

3.8

14.3

***

0.44 (0.31–0.64)

1.35 (0.69–2.63)

0.74 (0.55–1.00)

Community

No

68.6

10.5

4.0

16.9

Ref

Help^a

Yes

76.1

5.5

3.6

14.8

***

0.66 (0.50–0.86)

0.87 (0.60–1.25)

0.90 (0.74–1.10)

Had

No

75.8

6.5

3.7

14.1

Ref

COVID-19

Yes

68.0

7.8

3.6

20.7

***

1.09 (0.81–1.48)

0.84 (0.56–1.26)

1.33 (1.09–1.63)

Deprivation

(least) 5

79.7

4.3

3.1

12.9

Ref

Quintile

4

77.3

4.4

4.5

13.8

1.08 (0.68–1.71)

1.47 (0.89–2.41)

1.10 (0.83–1.46)

3

76.9

6.9

3.2

13.0

1.42 (0.92–2.19)

0.95 (0.55–1.65)

0.91 (0.68–1.22)

2

70.4

8.9

3.6

17.1

1.86 (1.22–2.83)

1.11 (0.65–1.89)

1.26 (0.95–1.66)

(most) 1

68.6

8.7

3.9

18.8

***

1.78 (1.18–2.67)

1.15 (0.70–1.91)

1.32 (1.01–1.72)

Age

18–29

46.4

15.5

7.8

30.3

Ref

(years)

30–39

59.5

11.6

6.4

22.4

0.59 (0.39–0.90)

0.65 (0.38–1.12)

0.57 (0.41–0.80)

40–49

70.6

7.5

3.4

18.5

0.39 (0.26–0.59)

0.32 (0.18–0.56)

0.45 (0.33–0.61)

50–59

73.3

6.8

3.9

16.0

0.33 (0.22–0.49)

0.37 (0.22–0.63)

0.39 (0.29–0.52)

69–69

81.0

4.6

2.5

11.9

0.21 (0.13–0.33)

0.23 (0.13–0.41)

0.28 (0.20–0.38)

70 + 

89.3

2.4

1.9

6.4

***

0.11 (0.06–0.18)

0.19 (0.10–0.35)

0.15 (0.10–0.21)

Sex

Male

80.4

5.5

2.4

11.7

Ref

Female

70.6

7.4

4.4

17.5

***

1.51 (1.16–1.97)

1.99 (1.39–2.86)

1.71 (1.42–2.05)

Ethnicity

White

74.7

6.8

3.6

14.9

Ref

Other

66.7

5.9

5.2

22.2

**

0.50 (0.28–0.88)

1.31 (0.71–2.41)

1.08 (0.77–1.52)

Survey

Phone

76.7

5.4

3.5

14.4

Ref

method

Online

61.0

13.9

4.8

20.3

***

1.90 (1.42–2.56)

1.28 (0.84–1.95)

1.29 (1.02–1.63)

Study

England

75.9

6.1

3.2

14.7

Ref

location

Wales

73.2

7.1

4.0

15.7

ns

1.05 (0.81–1.38)

1.18 (0.83–1.68)

1.11 (0.92–1.34)