Table 4 Logistic regression of HIV related stigma among people living without HIV

Age group: (15–24 years)

 25–34 years

0.67***

(0.61–0.73)

0.74***

(0.68–0.82)

0.76***

(0.70–0.83)

 35–44 years

0.61***

(0.56–0.67)

0.62***

(0.55–0.70)

0.64***

(0.59–0.71)

 45 years + 

0.65***

(0.56–0.74)

0.58***

(0.49–0.69)

0.67***

(0.58–0.77)

Sex:(Female)

 Male

0.90**

(0.83–0.97)

1.05

(0.97–1.14)

1.13***

(1.06–1.20)

Education: (Less than primary)

 Primary

0.50***

(0.45–0.56)

0.58***

(0.52–0.64)

0.82***

(0.74–0.91)

 Secondary level or higher

0.23***

(0.20–0.26)

0.32***

(0.28–0.37)

0.65***

(0.57–0.75)

Wealth quintile: (Lowest)

 Second

0.82***

(0.73–0.92)

0.75***

(0.66–0.85)

0.96

(0.86–1.07)

 Middle

0.70***

(0.62–0.79)

0.66***

(0.57–0.75)

0.86*

(0.76–0.98)

 Fourth

0.54***

(0.47–0.62)

0.60***

(0.51–0.71)

0.81**

(0.71–0.94)

 Highest

0.42***

(0.35–0.50)

0.51***

(0.41–0.62)

0.80**

(0.69–0.94)

Urban area:(No)

 Yes

0.84**

(0.73–0.97)

0.73***

(0.64–0.84)

0.75***

(0.67–0.84)

Subnational HIV prevalence: (Low)

 Mid

0.83**

(0.73–0.94)

0.89*

(0.80–0.99)

0.94

(0.86–1.01)

 High

0.73***

(0.64–0.84)

0.67***

(0.59–0.77)

0.78***

(0.70–0.88)

Proportion with secondary educ. or higher

1.00

(0.99–1.01)

1.01***

(1.01–1.02)

1.01***

(1.01–1.02)

Proportion in highest wealth quintile

1.00

(1.00–1.01)

1.00

(0.99–1.00)

0.99***

(0.99–1.00)

Country: (Zambia)

 Malawi

0.26***

(0.21–0.33)

0.58***

(0.46–0.73)

0.83*

(0.71–0.98)

 Tanzania

0.78**

(0.64–0.94)

1.05

(0.87–1.26)

0.93

(0.80–1.07)