How does HIV-related stigma correlate with HIV prevalence in African countries? Distinct perspectives from individuals living with and living without HIV

Table 3 Association between regional HIV prevalence and type of stigma: Overall and for each country

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
	Stigmatizing behavior	Discriminatory attitude	Prejudice	Internalized stigma	Experienced discrimination	Anticipated stigma
	OR/(90% CI)	OR/(90% CI)	OR/(90% CI)	OR/(90% CI)	OR/(90% CI)	OR/(90% CI)
Overall
Subnational HIV prevalence: (Low)
Mid	0.88	0.94	1.02	0.79	1.74	1.19
Mid	(0.78–1.00)	(0.84–1.05)	(0.94–1.11)	(0.53–1.17)	(0.71–4.25)	(0.79–1.77)
High	0.55***	0.61***	0.88**	1.19	0.90	0.85
High	(0.49–0.62)	(0.53–0.69)	(0.80–0.96)	(0.87–1.64)	(0.39–2.08)	(0.60–1.19)
Zambia
Subnational HIV prevalence: (Low)
Mid	1.04	1.08	0.90	0.52	0.51	1.39
Mid	(0.81–1.32)	(0.82–1.41)	(0.68–1.18)	(0.26–1.05)	(0.12–2.22)	(0.67–2.87)
High	0.64***	0.65***	0.62***	0.81	0.28	0.95
High	(0.52–0.78)	(0.50–0.85)	(0.48–0.80)	(0.44–1.49)	(0.07–1.17)	(0.47–1.90)
Malawi
Subnational HIV prevalence: (Low)
Mid	0.93	0.91	1.06	0.95	3.34	4.80**
Mid	(0.70–1.25)	(0.71–1.16)	(0.91–1.25)	(0.37–2.43)	(0.55–20.34)	(1.36–16.91)
High	0.88	0.68***	0.92	2.21	3.51	5.91**
High	(0.69–1.12)	(0.53–0.86)	(0.77–1.10)	(0.93–5.28)	(0.63–19.41)	(1.72–20.26)
Observations	9825	9809	9801	8371	25,242	25,242
Tanzania
Subnational HIV prevalence: (Low)
Mid	0.83**	0.90	0.93	0.78	1.87	1.02
Mid	(0.71–0.97)	(0.78–1.02)	(0.85–1.03)	(0.46–1.32)	(0.63–5.57)	(0.61–1.71)
High	0.45***	0.61***	0.79	1.11	1.00	0.83
High	(0.35–0.58)	(0.49–0.78)	(0.62–1.01)	(0.65–1.89)	(0.23–4.44)	(0.46–1.48)

Significance levels: * p < 0.1, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01. p are nominal p-values and have not been corrected for multiple-hypothesis testing. OR Odds ratios, CI Confidence interval. All the estimations are weighted using PHIA individual or knowledge module weights

ISSN: 1471-2458