Table 2 Samples characteristics and country-level indices

People living without HIV

Stigmatizing behavior

14.7

[13.7,15.8]

6.0

[5.4,6.6]

16.5

[15.5,17.5]

14.2

[13.5,14.9]

Discriminatory attitude

10.4

[9.6,11.2]

6.3

[5.8,6.9]

11.6

[10.9,12.4]

10.4

[9.9,10.9]

Prejudice

16.6

[15.7,17.7]

13.3

[12.5,14.1]

14.9

[14.3,15.5]

14.9

[14.4,15.3]

Age

 15–24 years

37.1

[35.8,38.4]

36.5

[35.1,37.9]

31.0

[30.2,31.7]

33.1

[32.5,33.7]

 25–34 years

36.2

[35.0,37.4]

36.5

[35.2,37.7]

38.2

[37.4,39.0]

37.5

[36.9,38.1]

 35–44 years

20.9

[20.0,21.9]

20.6

[19.6,21.6]

23.8

[23.0,24.5]

22.7

[22.1,23.2]

 45 years + 

5.8

[5.4,6.3]

6.5

[5.8,7.2]

7.1

[6.7,7.6]

6.8

[6.4,7.1]

Sex

 Female

55.2

[54.3,56.2]

56.7

[55.5,58.0]

56.0

[55.2,56.7]

56.0

[55.4,56.5]

 Male

44.8

[43.8,45.7]

43.3

[42.0,44.5]

44.0

[43.3,44.8]

44.0

[43.5,44.6]

Education

 Less than primary

5.6

[4.8,6.6]

8.4

[7.6,9.2]

11.6

[10.9,12.4]

10.0

[9.4,10.5]

 Primary

38.7

[37.1,40.4]

59.5

[57.9,61.2]

59.2

[58.2,60.3]

55.7

[54.9,56.5]

 Secondary level or higher

55.6

[53.7,57.6]

32.1

[30.4,33.8]

29.1

[27.9,30.4]

34.4

[33.5,35.3]

Wealth quintile

 Lowest

15.7

[14.4,17.1]

15.9

[14.6,17.2]

16.7

[15.0,18.5]

16.4

[15.3,17.5]

 Second

17.7

[16.5,19.0]

17.9

[16.6,19.2]

18.7

[17.3,20.2]

18.4

[17.4,19.4]

 Middle

19.9

[18.4,21.5]

19.5

[18.3,20.8]

19.8

[18.6,21.0]

19.8

[18.9,20.6]

 Fourth

21.4

[19.7,23.3]

21.3

[19.9,22.7]

21.4

[19.7,23.2]

21.4

[20.2,22.6]

 Highest

25.3

[23.2,27.5]

25.5

[23.7,27.3]

23.4

[21.7,25.3]

24.1

[22.9,25.4]

Urban Area

 No

54.5

[51.6,57.4]

79.4

[76.9,81.6]

59.1

[55.9,62.3]

62.1

[59.9,64.3]

 Yes

45.5

[42.6,48.4]

20.6

[18.4,23.1]

40.9

[37.7,44.1]

37.9

[35.7,40.1]

Subnational HIV prevalence

 Low

5.8

[5.0,6.8]

37.6

[35.6,39.5]

66.1

[64.0,68.1]

50.1

[48.6,51.6]

 Mid

31.8

[29.8,33.9]

22.2

[20.4,24.2]

29.1

[27.2,31.2]

28.3

[27.0,29.7]

 High

62.3

[60.2,64.4]

40.2

[38.3,42.1]

4.8

[4.0,5.7]

21.6

[20.7,22.5]

 Total

6394

6005

18,774

31,173

People living with HIV

Internalised stigma

15.7

[13.5,18.1]

11.5

[9.4,14.0]

14.0

[11.5,17.0]

13.8

[12.4,15.3]

Experienced discrimination

1.6

[1.1,2.3]

1.5

[1.0,2.1]

2.6

[1.6,4.1]

2.0

[1.5,2.5]

Anticipated stigma

10.4

[9.0,12.1]

5.5

[4.5,6.7]

12.4

[10.1,15.1]

9.7

[8.6,10.9]

Age

 15–24 years

9.5

[8.2,11.0]

8.1

[6.7,9.6]

10.6

[8.5,13.2]

9.5

[8.4,10.7]

 25–34 years

31.7

[29.6,33.9]

32.4

[29.9,35.1]

29.2

[26.0,32.6]

30.9

[29.3,32.6]

 35–44 years

43.3

[41.1,45.6]

43.1

[40.6,45.7]

43.2

[39.8,46.6]

43.2

[41.5,44.9]

 45 years + 

15.5

[13.9,17.2]

16.4

[14.5,18.4]

17.0

[14.5,19.9]

16.3

[15.1,17.7]

Sex

 Female

67.5

[65.3,69.6]

67.4

[64.9,69.8]

73.3

[70.3,76.1]

69.7

[68.2,71.2]

 Male

32.5

[30.4,34.7]

32.6

[30.2,35.1]

26.7

[23.9,29.7]

30.3

[28.8,31.8]

Education

 Less than primary

5.2

[4.2,6.3]

12.6

[10.9,14.4]

15.7

[13.4,18.3]

11.5

[10.4,12.8]

 Primary

38.5

[36.1,41.1]

64.6

[62.2,66.9]

70.4

[67.2,73.5]

58.9

[57.2,60.6]

 Secondary level or higher

56.3

[53.5,59.1]

22.8

[20.8,25.0]

13.9

[11.5,16.7]

29.5

[27.9,31.2]

Wealth quintile

 Lowest

8.2

[6.8,9.9]

16.2

[14.0,18.8]

12.8

[10.5,15.6]

12.5

[11.2,13.9]

 Second

11.7

[9.8,13.9]

17.0

[14.9,19.3]

19.0

[16.0,22.5]

16.2

[14.7,17.8]

 Middle

19.7

[17.4,22.1]

18.2

[16.2,20.3]

26.8

[23.2,30.7]

22.0

[20.3,23.9]

 Fourth

28.2

[25.2,31.5]

22.2

[19.8,24.9]

23.4

[20.3,26.8]

24.5

[22.8,26.3]

 Highest

32.2

[28.5,36.1]

26.4

[23.5,29.4]

17.9

[14.8,21.6]

24.8

[22.9,26.9]

Urban Area

 No

37.7

[34.0,41.6]

73.8

[70.5,76.8]

52.2

[47.2,57.1]

54.3

[51.7,56.9]

 Yes

62.3

[58.4,66.0]

26.2

[23.2,29.5]

47.8

[42.9,52.8]

45.7

[43.1,48.3]

Subnational HIV prevalence

 Low

2.5

[1.7,3.6]

17.6

[15.1,20.4]

45.4

[40.8,50.1]

23.9

[21.8,26.1]

 Mid

20.7

[18.3,23.3]

17.2

[14.9,19.8]

41.0

[36.4,45.7]

27.6

[25.4,29.9]

 High

76.8

[74.1,79.3]

65.2

[62.0,68.3]

13.6

[10.6,17.3]

48.5

[46.2,50.8]

 Total*

1513

1453

883

3838